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Objetive: Transient hypocalcaemia due to hypoparathyroidism is the most frequent complication of cervical surgery (thyroid and parathyroid) and also of reoperations. If mild, hypocalcaemia attributed to hypoparathyroidism is associated with few symptoms or with severe symptoms such as seizures, heart failure, or laryngospasm, in severe cases. Both transient and permanent hypoparathyroidism can have important repercussions on the health of patients. Establishing appropriate protocols are required to prevent, assess and treat these conditions. Material and methods: A systematic bibliographic search was carried out in Pubmed.gov of available evidence from articles in English and Spanish with inclusion dates until May 2019. Recommendations were made based on the GRADE system (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation). Results and conclusions:We propose a consensus for patient management of those who are going to undergo thyroid or parathyroid surgery, with different sections for the different stages of the process. This is intended to help clinical decision-making, assist in the discharge process and make referrals to outpatient consultations, thus optimizing resources.

Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is the leading cause of intestinal failure (IF) in the pediatric population. Our aim was to review long-term outcome of ultrashort bowel syndrome (USBS) in an Intestinal Rehabilitation Unit (IRU). Retrospective study of patients with USBS (defined as< 10 cm of remnant small bowel) treated between 2000 and 2015. Demographic data, clinical, and treatment variables including parenteral nutrition (PN), surgical techniques, and intestinal transplantation (IT) were analyzed. Out of 250 children, 30 referred to the IRU met inclusion criteria. Upon first assessment, patients had a median age of 3 (1-217) months and had undergone 3 (1-6) previous laparotomies that left 5 (0-9) cm of remnant small bowel. The main cause of USBS was neonatal midgut volvulus (50%). Follow-up was 28 (4-175) months. Advanced IF-associated liver disease (IFALD) was documented in 63%. None of the patients achieved digestive autonomy and was consequently considered for IT. One patient was excluded, five died before IT, and three are still on the waiting list. Six patients received an isolated IT, 6 a combined liver IT, and 18 a multivisceral graft. Digestive autonomy was achieved in 71% after 31 (14-715) days after IT and currently 62% are alive and off total PN. A significant drop in IFALD progression prior to IT was observed with the introduction of new lipid emulsions in 2010 (SMOF or Soy oil MCT (mid-chain triglycerides) Olive oil Fish oil). A multidisciplinary IRU including an IT program offers a comprehensive approach for patients with IF and is crucial to improve survival rate of USBS. New PN lipid emulsions had an impact on IFALD progression and may eventually reduce overall mortality.

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Supplementary from Dihydrofolate reductase amplification and sensitization to methotrexate of methotrexate-resistant colon cancer cells