An experimental study has been carried out to measure the performance of commercially available photovoltaic modules during summer months in the climate of Taxila, near the capital of Pakistan. The modules used in the study are monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, and single junction amorphous silicon. The analysis has been focused on the measurement of module efficiency, performance ratio and temperature of each module at actual operating conditions using outdoor monitoring facility. The measured results are compared with the already published data of peak winter month at the same site. Overall, the monocrystalline module showed high average module efficiency while amorphous silicon module was better in term of average performance ratio. Furthermore, the module efficiency and performance ratio has shown decreasing trend with increase of module temperature. It was found that modules have much higher temperature in summer months (about 20°C higher) and showed low efficiency and performance ratio than peak winter month. The average ambient temperature varied from 18.1--38.6°C from winter to summer.
The evolution of the wireless network systems over decades has been providing new services to the users with the help of innovative network and device technologies. In recent times, the 5G network systems are about to be deployed which creates the opportunity to realize massive connectivity with high throughput, low latency, high energy efficiency and security. It also focuses on providing massive Internet of Things (IoT) network connectivity as well as services for good health, large-scale agricultural and industrial production, intelligent traffic control and electricity generation, transmission and distribution systems. However, the ever-increasing number of user devices is directing the researchers towards beyond 5G systems to allocate these user devices with higher bandwidth. Researches on the 6G wireless network systems have already begun to provide higher bandwidth availability for densely connected larger network devices with QoS surety. Researchers are leveraging artificial intelligence (AI)/machine learning (ML) for enhancing future IoT network operations and services. This paper attempts to discuss AI/ML algorithms that can help in developing energy efficient, secured and effective IoT network operations and services. In particular, our article concentrates on the major issues and factors that influence the design of the communication systems for future IoT with the integration of AI/ML. It also highlights application domains, including smart healthcare, smart agriculture, smart transportation, smart grid and smart industry that can operate efficiently and securely. Finally, this paper ends with the discussion on future research scopes with these algorithms in addressing the open issues of the future IoT network systems.
We compare the energy extracted from single-axis solar tracking systems employing optimized rotation about the tilted axis and the azimuth axis, respectively. It is shown that the optimized rotation about the tilted axis has the potential to extract significantly higher energy, particularly at lower latitudes. An open loop single-axis solar tracking system that tracks the sun through optimized rotation about the tilted axis is proposed and demonstrated. The system takes the location parameters, axis tilt, and the initial time and date as inputs and calculates the solar position at any given time. The solar position in turn decides the optimized rotation. In a prototype using a single potentiometer based angle determination method, the error between the computed and implemented rotation angles remains within ±3°. The tracking system with optimized rotation about the tilted axis extracted 20.01% more energy than a fixed panel system as opposed to 11.72% for that of the azimuth tracking system at the same tilt angle under identical conditions on a clear day at a latitude of 23.81°N. These percentage enhancements are in agreement with theoretical predictions. On a partially cloudy day, the advantages of the optimized rotational tracking about the tilted axis are diminished as the optimized rotational tracking system extracted 8.59% more energy than the fixed panel, whereas the azimuth tracking system extracted 7.86% more energy with respect to the fixed panel system at the same tilt angle at the same latitude.
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