g Highly virulent pantropic canine coronavirus (CCoV) strains belonging to subtype IIa were recently identified in dogs. To assess the distribution of such strains in Europe, tissue samples were collected from 354 dogs that had died after displaying systemic disease in France (n ؍ 92), Hungary (n ؍ 75), Italy (n ؍ 69), Greece (n ؍ 87), The Netherlands (n ؍ 27), Belgium (n ؍ 4), and Bulgaria (n ؍ 1). A total of 124 animals tested positive for CCoV, with 33 of them displaying the virus in extraintestinal tissues. Twenty-four CCoV strains (19.35% of the CCoV-positive dogs) detected in internal organs were characterized as subtype IIa and consequently assumed to be pantropic CCoVs. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses of the 5= end of the spike protein gene showed that pantropic CCoV strains are closely related to each other, with the exception of two divergent French viruses that clustered with enteric strains. C oronaviruses (CoVs; order Nidovirales, family Coronaviridae) are positive-sense RNA viruses commonly associated with mild infections in birds and mammals. The family Coronaviridae is now organized into two subfamilies, Coronavirinae and Torovirinae, with the former including four different genera, Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus, and Deltacoronavirus. Canine coronavirus (CCoV) belongs to the genus Alphacoronavirus and forms a unique species, Alphacoronavirus 1, along with feline coronaviruses (FCoVs), transmissible gastroenteritis virus of swine (TGEV), and its derivative, porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCoV) (1, 2).CCoVs are paradigmatic of the CoV genetic evolution and complexity (3, 4). In addition to the known genotypes, CCoV types I (CCoV-I) and II (CCoV-II) (5), which share up to 96% of nucleotide sequence identity in the viral genome but are highly divergent in the spike (S) protein gene (6), CCoV subtypes and biotypes have been more recently identified (3, 4). Detection of TGEV/CCoV recombinant strains led to the classification of CCoV-II into two subtypes, including the classical (CCoV-IIa) and recombinant (CCoV-IIb) subtypes, respectively (7,8). A hypervirulent CCoV-IIa strain, designated pantropic CCoV, was isolated from dead pups at a pet shop in Italy in 2005 (9). The virus, strain CB/05, was associated with severe clinical signs and postmortem lesions. Experimental infections of dogs reproduced the disease, with the severity varying with the age and immune status of the infected animals (10, 11) but invariably leading to long-term lymphopenia (12).Natural outbreaks of pantropic CCoV infection have been reported in France and Belgium (13), Greece (14), and Italy (15).The aim of the present study is to report the detection of pantropic CCoV in some European countries.
MATERIALS AND METHODSSample collection. A total of 354 carcasses of dogs that died after displaying systemic disease consisting of fever, leukopenia, depression, enteritis, respiratory distress, and/or neurological signs were sampled from 2009 to 2011 (Table 1). Cases were admitted to the study i...