HighlightsWe investigated sex differences in auditory fear discrimination in rats.Males that received extended discrimination training showed fear discrimination.Females discriminated after limited training and generalized after extended training.Generalization with extended training in females involved impaired safety signaling.

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The free space radiation mode (FSRM) method is used to provide a new closed-form transcendental equation for the scalar mode propagation constant of a uniformly buried rectangular dielectric waveguide. Results are readily and rapidly obtained and are shown to be very accurate over the range of practical interest.

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films, are described for applications in high-efficiency thermovoltaic power systems. These three filters' bandpass performances are demonstrated to transmit a wavelength that can be efficiently converted to electricity, and to reflect other wavelengths back to the heat source, hence conserving energy and increasing the power system's efficiency. The design with cross slot elements exhibits the highest Q bandpass property Ž . or the fastest cutoff for out-of-band wavelength . However, Ž . in the 1᎐2 micron higher out-of-band region, the cross slot filter exhibits a low-level passband with a slightly greater than 33% transmitted power. This filter's performance is also very sensitive to the incident angle and polarizations of the illuminating energy sources. On the contrary, the bandpass property of the circular-or square-loop filter is fairly stable with variations in the heat source's illumination angle and polarizations. REFERENCES1. M. I. Herman, ''Pluto ExpressᎏOut of the Darkness,'' IEEE ABSTRACT: The free-space radiation mode method is extended to pro¨ide accurate semianalytical formulas for the reflecti¨ity of a polarized optical wa¨eguide mode incident on a coated laser facet at an arbitrary angle. Solutions may be obtained easily and with minimum computational effort. Results obtained are compared with those from a finite-difference᎐time-domain method. ABSTRACT: The performance of con¨entional optical adapti¨e beam formers for rf communication and radars is shown to require a compromise between the con¨ergence speed and interference cancellation ratio.To alle¨iate this trade-off, a no¨el nonlinear algorithm with switched step size is proposed. Results of direct simulation and numerical solution are presented to illustrate the approach.