Tumours induced in mice, either CBA normal and chimaerical, or C3H, by
90
Sr or
226
Ra or plutonium have been examined histochemically with (1) diazotate fast red violet LB salt in naphthol AS-MX phosphate buffer at pH 8·6 and 5·2, (2) 1: 9 dimethyl methylene blue (Taylor).
It is concluded:
(a) The diagnosis of osteosarcoma is facilitated with Taylor's Blue which stains osteoid metachromatically. Cells of osteosarcoma, like normal osteoblasts, contain alkaline phosphatase but this may be lost by mutation either in the original tumour or subsequently on passage of the tumour serially to compatible hosts.
(b) Osteosarcomata may contain giant-cells of two forms, bizarre tumour cells and osteoclasts; the latter contain acid phosphatase. Osteosarcomata which retain their osteoid on serial passage have few cells containing acid phosphatases.
(c) Primitive mesenchymal cell tumours of angiomatous form may occur, if the bone marrow is irradiated,
e.g.
by
90
Sr-
90
Y and Pu. These tumours lack osteoid and cells interpretable as osteoblasts or osteoclasts (though they destroy bone).
(d) Tumours classifiable as fibrosarcomata occur rarely, and may be truly of fibroblastic origin or be mutated osteosarcomata.
(e) Lymphomata also occur when the marrow is irradiated (
90
Sr-
90
Y and Pu). They may be generalized, when their cells may contain alkaline phosphatase or lack it. They may be localized to abdominal viscera, the reticulo-sarcomatous form, in which case the cells lack alkaline phosphatase.
Images
Fig. 1
Fig. 3
Fig. 5
Fig. 8
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 2
Fig. 4
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 9
Fig. 12
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) and the leading cause of blindness worldwide. While the underlying mechanism of DR is not well understood, neuroretinal cell death due to apoptosis is implicated, with molecular abnormalities consistent with those seen in inflammation. The flavonoid quercetin has been reported to potentially have anti‐inflammatory properties in diabetic animal models. Few studies have examined the anti‐inflammatory effect of quercetin in type 2 diabetes (T2D), and none have investigated the physiological status of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), which connects the retina to the visual cortex. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of quercetin on diabetes‐induced neuroretinal inflammation and apoptosis in a rat model of T2D. Zucker Diabetic Fatty rats (ZDF) were assigned into diabetic (ZDF) and diabetic quercetin‐fed (ZDF+Q) groups. ZDF rats were fed a high fat chow while the ZDF+Q group received a high fat chow supplemented with quercetin (0.5%). Rats on standard chow served as the control group. The levels of inflammatory and apoptotic factors in the diabetic retina and LGN were measured by ELISA and immunoblotting. The major findings of this study demonstrate that quercetin, i) significantly (p<0.05) reduced increases in the pro‐inflammatory cytokines TNF‐α and IL‐1β and increased the anti‐inflammatory IL‐10, and ii) significantly decreased the concentration of BAD and Caspase‐3 and increased Bcl‐2. These results provide evidence that quercitin mitigates inflammation, which may be a precursor to cell signaling pathways leading to retina and LGN apoptosis in diabetes.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.