Productivity and Sustainability of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)-Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cropping System as Influenced by Prilled Urea, Farmyard Manure and Azotobacter Abstract Field experiments were conducted at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, during 2001Delhi, during -2002Delhi, during and 2002Delhi, during -2003, to study the effect of inorganic, organic and Azotobacter combined sources of N on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and their residual effect on succeeding wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop. The results indicated considerable increase in yield attributes and mean seed cotton yield (2.33 Mg ha )1 ) with the combined application of 30 kg N and farmyard manure (FYM) at 12 Mg ha )1 along with Azotobacter (M 4 ). The treatment in cotton that included FYM, especially when fertilizer N was also applied could either improve or maintain the soil fertility status in terms of available N, P and K. Distinct increase in yield attributes and grain yield of wheat was observed with the residual effect of integrated application of 30 kg N ha )1 + FYM at 12 Mg ha )1 + Azotobacter. Direct application of 120 kg N ha )1 resulted 67.4 and 17.7 % increase in mean grain yield of wheat over no N and 60 kg N ha )1 , respectively. Integrated application of organic and inorganic fertilizer is therefore, recommended for higher productivity and sustainability of the cotton-wheat system.
Twenty-two field experiments were conducted on 12 vegetable crops to determine the target Olsen soil test phosphorus (P) values for maximum yield. These experiments were conducted on one soil type, Levin silt loam. It was possible to determine the target values with a degree of certainty for 15 experiments using a quadratic model. The target value was particularly high for winter spinach and high for potato, whereas pea and sweetcorn had low target values. Other crops had intermediate values. Season had an effect on target soil test values; higher values were found under cooler growing conditions.
Removal of NPK in the rice-wheat double cropping system was studied in a field experiment conducted for two crop years at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. The double cropping system producing 8 • 103 kg/ha/yr grain (4.5 • 103 kg rice and 3.5 • 103 kg wheat) removed 166kg N, 35 kg P and 174kg K per hectare per year. Thus the ricewheat double cropping system heavily depletes the soils of their NPK content and calls for balanced fertilization for continued high production.NPK removal was higher when a 135-day duration rice variety was grown than when a 105-day duration variety was grown, because the former resulted in overall (rice + wheat) more grains and straw. Similarly grain and straw yields and NPK removal was more with transplanted rice than when sprouted rice seeds were sown on puddled seedbed; the latter method was in turn superior to direct drilling. Use of urea briquette, neem cake coated urea and sulphur coated urea gave higher yields and resulted in removal of more NPK than prilled urea.
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