BACKGROUND Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion (PLIF) and Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion (TLIF) create intervertebral fusion by means of a posterior approach. Successful results have been reported with allograft, various cages (for interbody support), autograft and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2. Interbody fusion techniques facilitate reduction and enhance fusion. Corticocancellous laminectomy bone chips alone can be used as a means of spinal fusion in patients with single level instrumented PLIF. This has got a good fusion rate. PLIF with cage gives better fusion on radiology than PLIF with iliac bone graft, but no statistical difference in the clinical outcome. Cage use precludes complications associated with iliac bone harvesting. The reported adjacent segment degeneration was 40.5% and reoperation was 8.1% after 10 years of follow up. MATERIALS AND METHODS 30 cases of spondylolisthesis who attended the Orthopaedic Outpatient Department of Andhra Medical College, Visakhapatnam, from 2014 to 2016 were taken up for study. All the cases were examined clinically and confirmed radiologically. The patient's age, sex, symptoms and duration were noted and were examined clinically for the status of the spine. Straight leg raising test was done and neurological examination of the lower limbs performed. All the patients were subjected to the radiological examination of the lumbosacral spine by taking anteroposterior, lateral (flexion and extension views), oblique views to demonstrate spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis. MRI and x-rays studies were done in all the cases to facilitate evaluation of the root compression disk changes and spinal cord changes.

BACKGROUND Supracondylar fractures of femur have a bimodal distribution. They account for 6% of all femur fractures. Nearly, 50% of distal femur intraarticular fractures are open fractures. Despite many changes and refinements in the surgical treatment of the supracondylar and intercondylar fractures of femur their surgical management remains challenging. Since the introduction of the condylar blade plate to the present retrograde supracondylar nailing and locking condylar plates, these fractures particularly if open and associated with severe fragmentation of the articular cartilage and in the elderly with severe osteoporosis continue to be a major unsolved surgical challenge. Improved imaging facilities rendered surgical results far better than those treated with long periods of traction on bed with accompanying complications. LCP along with isolated 6.5 mm cannulated cancellous screw systems are best suited for with unicondylar fractures of distal femur in young patient with good bone stock. The functional outcome is largely determined by the degree of accompanying soft tissue injury. Presence of a compound fracture leads to a higher incidence of infection. With good preoperative antibiotics and sterile surgical techniques along with stable fixation, infection can be brought under control and a good outcome can be achieved. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty supracondylar and intercondylar fractures of femur (Muller's type 'A', type 'B' and type 'C' fractures), which were treated with open reduction and internal fixation by locking compression plate were included in the study. The study was conducted at the Department of Orthopaedics, King George Hospital, Visakhapatnam, from August 2014 to November 2016. Among 30 patients, 5 patients were lost for follow up due to various reasons leaving 25 fractures from 25 patients for the study. RESULTS There were 16 males and 9 females. Age range was 19 years to 80 years with an average of 44.6 years. Average age for males was 28.9 years and average age for females was 25 years. 18 fractures were due to road traffic accidents and 5 were due to fall from varying heights. One case was due to bullet injury (classified as Gustilo Anderson type IIIB as it was a high velocity ballistic injury). We used Gustilo Anderson classification to classify open fractures. Among 25 cases, there were 3 compound fractures (12%) and in them 1 case was type 1 compound fracture (4%), 1 case was type II compound fracture (4%), another case was type IIIA compound fracture (4%). Fractures included in this study were Muller's type A, B and C fractures. Subgroups are type A1-7 cases, A2-5 cases, type A 3-4 cases, type B1-1 case, type B2-3 cases, type C1-4 cases, type C2-2 cases. There were no associated ligamentous injuries of knee, but there were ipsilateral fractures of both bones of leg, fractures of humerus and fractures of both bones of forearm. There were no tibial condylar fractures. Majority of the associated fractures were treated simultaneously. No vascular injuries were noted in this series. Th...