There were 12 girls and seven boys. All were white, with a mean age of 5-2 years (range 18-9-7 years).Results (Tables 1 and 2) Cervical nodes were the commonest affected (47%) followed by submandibular (31-5%) and preauricular (21%). In 16 (84%) of the children the lymphadenopathy was unilateral. Mean duration of swelling was 6-6 weeks (range 2 weeks-4 months). Appearance of the nodes varied but in 12 (63%) was suggestive of cold abscess with absent or minimal tenderness and fluctuation. Of the other seven, five (26%) had an appearance suggestive of bacterial abscess, one was cystic, and the other was a non-tender, mobile swelling. Glands varied from 1-5-7 cm in length. Two were described as a large mass, and three were fixed to underlying tissues. In one (case 16) infection developed after trauma to the area. Only two children had systemic upset. This was an intermittent fever and mild cough (case 1) and persistent cough (case 8).Routine haematology was unremarkable. One case had a raised white cell count (15 00Ox109/l 368 on 8 May 2018 by guest. Protected by copyright.

No abstract

No abstract

We present a comprehensive analysis of antibody and cellular responses in children aged 12-16 years who received COVID-19 vaccination with ChAdOx1 (n=6) or mRNA vaccine (mRNA-1273 or BNT162b2, n=9) using a 12-week extended-interval schedule. mRNA vaccination of seropositive children induces high antibody levels, with one dose, but a second dose is required in infection-naïve children. Following a second ChAdOx1 dose, antibody titres were higher than natural infection, but lower than mRNA vaccination. Vaccination induced live virus neutralising antibodies against Alpha, Beta and Delta variants, however, a second dose is required in infection-naïve children. We found higher T-cell responses following mRNA vaccination than ChAdOx1. Phenotyping of responses showed predominantly early effector-memory CD4 T cell populations, with a type-1 cytotoxic cytokine signature, with IL-10. These data demonstrate mRNA vaccination induces a co-ordinated superior antibody and robust cellular responses in children. Seronegative children require a prime-boost regime for optimal protection.