We present the first record of Holocene fossil insect assemblages from Central Yakutia. A stratigraphic sequence in the locality within the Vilyuy River valley is a buried oxbow. The late Holocene water body inherited an impervious stratum from the late Pleistocene. The organic layer preserved rich fossil assemblages of macrofossils including insects and other invertebrates, plants, and charcoal. The ancient flora and fauna include species that are common in Yakutia as well as those that are rare and absent in the region. The most abundant finds are leech cocoons and bogbean seeds. The macrofossils of some insects were found along with remains of their host plants. Despite the absence of intensive human land use in the area, traces of fires were recorded. The oxbow represents the environment of a floodplain wetland that developed separately from the ecosystem of the adjacent sand dunes.
The article explains the nonlinear balance model that considers disposal and recycling of wastes and investments. The suggested model is the equilibrium prices model in which the costs of harmful wastage disposal and recycling are considered. Besides, there are nonlinear interrelations between the branches of production, which allows us to predict the release of useful products, which is necessary for the economistsanalysts who are engaged in forecasting the manufactured products. For the model which is described by a system of differential equations, the conditions are created when the system of differential equations has only one solution. The paper defines the conditions under which this model is solvable and has a nonnegative solution, if at the same time the given values can be negative. For the model the methods of creating bilateral estimated solutions are adapted; the method of improving bilateral estimation is offered. Unlike the methods of searching the precise solution, the application of the method of bilateral estimation facilitates successful solution of tasks with big dimension of the processed models, without resorting to direct integration. The results of this article can be used in the solution of specific tasks of mathematics, economics, biology and other tasks with nonlinear interrelations.
The paper deals with the dual task for the ecological and economic inter-industry balance model with non-linear dependencies which can be described by the system of non-linear equations with monotonously decomposable operators. The suggested model is the equilibrium prices model in which the costs of harmful wastage utilization and recycling are considered. Besides, there are non-linear interrelations between the branches of production, which allows predicting retail prices for the useful products. This is necessary for economistsanalysts who are engaged in forecasting prices of the manufactured products. The suggested algorithms are based on the application of the theory of duality and operational calculus. The authors study the conditions under which this model is solvable and has a nonnegative solution, if at the same time the given values can be negative. The methods of creation of bilateral estimated solutions are adapted for the model; the method of improvement of bilateral estimation is offered. Unlike the methods of searching the precise solution, the application of the method of bilateral estimation facilitates successful solution of tasks with big dimension of the processed models, without resorting to direct integration. The results of this paper can be used in solution of specific tasks of mathematics, economy, biology and other tasks with non-linear interrelations.
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