subterranean parts and adults feed on the foliage and sometimes on the green pods. The information outlined below is based largely on accounts of the be-ha^'ior of C. trifuicata. However, it is likely that the behavior of C. rtificornis differs only in detail. C. trifitrcata has two or three complete generations per year throughout its geographic range. Thus, an abundance of adults may coincide with three stages of plant growth. In the Midwest, overwintered adults may invade soybean fields soon after gennination and may destroy large numbers of seedlings. Replanting occasionally has been necessary. Adults of the first generation are usually present during the period of strong vegetative growth. Tliey feed almost exclusi\'ely on the leaves, and economic damage due to feeding per se results only when populations are extremely high. However, C. trifurcata also transmits the bean pod mottle virus. The effect of this virus on yield is not clear, but there is evidence that when multiple infections occur it may have a synergistic relationship with the soybean mosaic virus. C. rtificornis is known to transmit the cowpea mosaic virus. Adults of tlie last generation may accumulate in late maturing fields and attack green pods. In such cases the yield is directly affected. Intercrop relationships are an important factor to be considered in pest-management programs involving the bean leaf beetles. Isely (1942)'°reported that in Arkansas enormous populations of adult C. trifurcata developed on soybeans. Snapbeans for the fall market were planted in midsummer and were still green when the early-planted soybeans were losing their leaves and nearing maturity. The smaller acreages of snapbeans were then suddenly flooded with large numbers of beetles emigrating from the soybean fields. At least four additional species of Cerotoma are known to be associated with soybeans or other grain legumes in South America. C. facialis Erickson, 1847," and C. salvini Baly, 1866,'' are known from Panama, Colombia, and Peru; C. [Andrector] nifxcoUis (Fabricius, 1801)" and C. unicornis (Germar, 1824)'" are known from Brazil. Published information on these species consists of little more than the original descriptions and listings in faunistic surveys and systematic catalogues. The pertinent literature on the Brazilian species up to December 1962 may be found inSilvaetal (1967)". 10 See entry 174 in the bibliography. " Erickson. G. F. 1847. Conspectus insectorum Coleopterorura quae in Republica Peruana observata sunt. Arch. Naturgesch. 13(1) :67-185. '2 Baly, G. F. 1866. New genera and species of Gallerucinae. Trans. Entomol. Soc. London (Ser. 3) 2:471-478. '3 See entry 114 in the bibliography. '4 See entry 130 in the bibliography. 15 Silva, A. et al. 1967-1968. Quarto catalogo dos insetos que vivem nas plantas do Brasil seus parasites e predadores. Ministerio da Agricultura, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 2 vols. DeWitt, N. B., and G. L. Godfrey. 1972. The literature of arthropods associated with soybeans. II. A bibliography of the soutliem green stink b...
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