bstract Formation evaluation has been grea![y improved by obtaining the data frotn drill-stem testing and a series of logs with one trip its the hole. The log is run imnaediately before and ujter the test. Both gamma ray and. resis:ivi[y curves are recorded down-hole in a seif-contained apparatus. In addition to tite basic information contained in the log itself, the combination with data obtained frotn clrill-wem testing will permit more accurate and complete jormation evaluation. Field examples are presented (O ilhcwrate results obtained with this techniqlie.
Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 219, 1960, pages 88–93. Abstract The perforating of multiple tubingless completions, in which two or more strings of 2 7/8-in. OD casing are installed in the same borehole, presents two basic problems. First, good completion practices require an efficient perforator that leaves no debris to interfere with subsequent completion operations. Second, and of more complicated nature, a system is needed for controlling the direction of fire so that adjacent strings are not damaged. Development of a 2-in. OD, steel, retrievably, shaped-charge gun has solved the first problem. The second was resolved through development of three different devices to provide directional perforating for the two types of completion methods being employed today. These include a mechanical orienting device and two self-orienting radiation devices. Conceivably, the latter methods could be adapted to the directional perforating (of upper zones) of conventional dual and triple completions without removing production tubing and packers. Introduction The recent trend to multiple tubingless completions, wherein two or more strings of 2 7/8-in. OD casing are installed in the same borehole, has presented two basic perforating problems. The first problem to be overcome was the design of a gun that would result in efficient perforations without causing debris to bridge in these small-diameter casings. The second problem was, of course, to devise a system for controlling the direction of fire such that adjacent strings would not be damaged. The problem of gun debris in slim-casing completions has been well defined in the numerous 2 7/8-in. single tubingless completions which have been effected during recent years with the expendable-type perforators. Failure of expendable-gun debris to settle out properly, even with good gun break-up, has resulted in bridging inside these small-diameter casings. This, in turn, has interfered with completion and re-conditioning operations.
Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 210, 1957, pages 260–267. Abstract A formation tester run on logging cable is now available to the oil industry. It offers a method of safely and rapidly testing possible producing formations in uncased holes. These tests can be made up the hole after running the electric log. Reservoir pressure data is continuously recorded at the surface as the fluid sample is extracted. The tester may be assembled with a reservoir of 1−, 2.75−, or 55-gal capacity. A retaining pad on the body of the tool is expanded against the wall of the hole at the exact depth desired; this depth is determined by electrical log control. Two bullets are then fired through the center of the retaining pad which create a connection between the formation and a flow line to the sample chamber. When the chamber is filled, a valve is closed and the fluid sample sealed at maximum pressure. The tool is retracted to minimum diameter and brought out of the hole. Electrical circuits permit a complete recording at the surface of the mechanical operations of the tool as well as the formation pressure build-up and the hydrostatic mud pressure. The tool was introduced commercially during the latter part of 1955 in the Gulf Coasts of Louisiana and Texas. Over 1,000 operations have been made to date (Sept. 1, 1956); 50 per cent of which resulted in successful tests. Failures have been due mostly to ineffective sealing in unconsolidated sands. One major company had 41 successful tests out of 80 attempts with 23 ineffective pad seals. Results for this company were very gratifying as to pinpointing gas-oil ratios, indicating productive permeabilities and aiding in determination of fluid content where electrical log and side-wall coring information were inconclusive. Eight typical pressure curves are discussed (including misruns). Six types of fluid recoveries are interpreted. Eight actual field examples of electric logs, showing the problems solved by the formation tester, are illustrated.
The Multi-Flow Evaluator (MFE) is a new system of tools providing an original approach in drill-stem testing. It improves control during the testing operation and gives a more accurate evaluation of the fluid recovered while providing additional pressure information for reservoir analysis. The tools are operated entirely by up and down motion of the drill stem. This up and down operation provides a positive means of control and offers easily observed surface indications of tool operating position. An unlimited number of shut-in and flow periods may be taken with this tool while in the hole. The key to the success of the MFE system of tools is the safety seal packer. Until this development, operation of the tools by up and down motion only had proven unreliable. The success ratio of the MFE now exceeds the ratio achieved by conventional tools. The equipment includes a 2,750-cc chamber in which a representative sample of the flowing formation fluid is trapped at the end of the last flow period and brought to the surface under pressure. The sample can be evaluated at the wellsite or transferred under pressure for laboratory analysis. The sampling feature of the tool allows a sample to be obtained from a reservoir which has suffered minimum influence from production. A representative sample can be obtained for laboratory or empirical analysis by employing a testing technique to minimize drawdown during flow periods. Interpretation methods to take advantage of this additional information are presented and supported by actual field examples. Introduction The Multi-Flow Evaluator (MFE) represents the most recent technical advance in formation testing. Drill-stem testing techniques prior to the MFE have been limited in three areas(1) operation, (2) recovery analysis, and (3) reservoir analysis. The tools in the MFE system allow maximum control during testing and provide test information superior to that obtainable with conventional tools. The system of tools and the operation procedures are described to illustrate the mechanical advantages over present tools. JPT P. 207ˆ
American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc. This paper was prepared for the 46th Annual Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, to be held in New Orleans, La., Oct. 3–6, 1971. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon request to the Editor of the appropriate journal provided agreement to give proper credit is made. Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines. Abstract This paper describes a new core barrel device for cutting and retrieving subterranean cores, particularly from soft or unconsolidated formations; it utilizes a fluid-pressure collapsible sleeve above the core bit to receive and hold the cored material and permit its retrieval in its original subterranean condition. Pressure responsive valves maintain a fluid pressure behind the collapsible sleeve to retain it in the collapsed position until the core is received in the sleeve and also permit fluid behind the sleeve to exhaust as the core enters the sleeve while the sleeve continues to offer lateral support for the core and also remains collapsed above the core. When the core barrel is withdrawn, a small amount of soft core material may fall from the lower portion of the core barrel and the lower portion of the sleeve collapses to retain the remainder of the core in the core barrel. This paper describes the operation of the new core barrel and full results obtained in very soft uranium ores in South Texas. Some of these cores were previously unobtainable by former conventional methods. The operation of this tool is quite simple and it can be furnished in small or larger sizes and in varying lengths, permitting its use in areas and fields offshore or land, small or large rigs, shallow or deep, and can be used for the recovery of mineral ores or petroleum sands. Drawings illustrating its potential use in ocean floor sampling are shown. Introduction The recovery of soft unconsolidated formation core samples has always been a difficult problem. In the past, conventional coring equipment has been modified by the use of "finger" catchers, traps and other devices to facilitate recovery of such formations. However, there is a need for a simple tool that will not only retain the core when it is retrieved but will support it and prevent its bridging as it is being cored. This new tool should be simple to operate and should be available in different lengths and sizes. It should be adaptable to large and small drilling rigs and operate successfully at any depth on land or water.
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