A tween two individuals. One person annoys or offends another, who retaliates aggressively. The party who has been attacked may respond in kind or may rely exclusively on nonviolent means to bring the confrontation to an end; in either case, it may seem to onlookers that there is a principal aggressor and a principal victim. If third parties are present or are invoked, they may intervene in reaction to the event that the two antagonists have brought about, but their involvement is incidental and remedial. When domestic violence is seen in this way, its occurrence may appear rooted solely in the personalities or characteristics of the two parties most immediately involved or in the nature of the relationship between them.The principal argument of this chapter is that a better understanding of domestic violence-and, by extension, of violence more generally-requires a recognition of the crucial role played at every stage by people other than the immediate combatants. Human beings in the real world are embedded in extensive social networks and are continually For helpful comments on earlier drafts of this chapter, I thank
Fact-checking and warnings of misinformation are increasingly salient and prevalent components of modern news media and political communications. While many warnings about political misinformation are valid and enable people to reject misleading information, the quality and validity of misinformation warnings can vary widely. Replicating and extending research from the fields of social cognition and forensic psychology, we find evidence that valid retrospective warnings of misleading news can help individuals discard erroneous information, although the corrections are weak. However, when informative news is wrongly labeled as inaccurate, these false warnings reduce the news' credibility. Invalid misinformation warnings taint the truth, lead individuals to discard authentic information, and impede political memory. As only a few studies on the tainted truth effect exist, our research helps to illuminate the less explored dark side of misinformation warnings. Our findings suggest general warnings of misinformation should be avoided as indiscriminate use can reduce the credibility of valid news sources and lead individuals to discard useful information.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.