Introduction. Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Spotted Wing Drosophila, SWD) is a pest that has been indicated as a major threat to European and Mediterranean fruit production. Its finding in Southern Italy offers interesting data to elaborate an efficient and sustainable control strategy. Materials and methods. The fly was collected during the "overhead" survey of an IAMB organic table grape vineyard by apple vinegar/wine/brown sugar bottle traps placed in and around the field. Once the presence of this pest was confirmed, traps were also hung on different host plants surrounding the vineyard, namely fig (Ficus carica L.), jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.), pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), wild bramble (Rubus fruticosus L.) and rough bindweed (Smilax aspera L.). Collected Drosophila adults were identified via morphological parameters by comparison with published descriptions and drawings. The SWD adult population was monitored per month throughout the year and related to the average values of the temperature (• C) and minimum relative humidity (mRH%). The survey was carried out from September 2012 to August 2013. Results and discussion. We report the finding of Drosophila suzukii in Southern Italy, Apulia Region, and its population dynamics throughout the year in the area. In addition to D. suzukii, D. melanogaster (Meigen), D. simulans (Sturtevant) and similar species were also scored. The D. suzukii dynamics appeared to be strictly correlated with the temperature and relative humidity changes throughout the year, with a great summer population decrease. This behaviour is quite different from that of other indigenous drosophilas, both pest and non-pest. Conclusion. D. suzukii has, at present, a prominent pest status and may represent a key pest of soft fruit orchards in the SouthEastern part of Italy and, namely, in Apulia. However, further investigation on the marked decrease in the SWD summer population is needed to support effective pest control strategies, which include baited-lure mass trapping in Mediterranean and other warm climate areas. Such strategies should also take into consideration pest reservoirs such as secondary and semi-wild fruit species bred in the areas tested.
Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is a destructive crop pest native to Southeast Asia that recently invaded countries in Europe and North America, severely impacting commercial fruit production in its new host range. Here we report the results of a survey aimed at determining the presence of indigenous D. suzukii parasitoid populations carried out from May to October 2012 in two areas negatively affected by this fruit pest: Trento Province, Northern Italy, and Oregon in the Pacific Northwest of the USA. We conducted field and laboratory studies in order to determine the status of biological control agents utilizing D. suzukii as a host. Our study sites included a range of commercial soft fruits and natural non-commercial habitats. In each site, sentinel traps were baited with either D. suzukii or Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (Diptera: Drosophilidae) larvae in different food substrates. The generalist parasitoid, Pachycrepoideus vindemiae (Rondani) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), was collected from both D. suzukii and D. melanogaster pupae in traps deployed in a selection of these sites. This report of P. vindemiae in 2012 represents the first identification of D. suzukii parasitoids in Europe. A successive parasitism efficacy test was set up under controlled laboratory conditions confirming the ability of P. vindemiae to attack D. suzukii pupae. In addition, an historical digression with analysis of the original documents in the Italian archives has been provided in order to unravel the correct species name. We finally discuss the possible practical implications of this finding for the biological control of D. suzukii.
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