and Christian BrechotThe identification of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in semen remains controversial and that of hepatitis G virus (HGV) or GB virus C (GBV-C) has never been investigated. Serum and semen from 90 anti-HCV -positive drug users were tested (27 infected with HIV) for HCV and HGV/GBV-C RNAs by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, hybridization, and sequence analysis. Semen was processed into round cells, seminal plasma, and spermatozoa. Fifty-six patients were HCV-viremic, but HCV-RNA was not identified in their seminal fractions. However, PCR inhibitors were found in the semen of 34 of these men. Twenty-eight patients had HGV/GBV-C RNA in their blood and for 24 of them, ejaculates were available for analysis. HGV/GBV-C RNA was found in the seminal plasma of 6 of 12 samples free from PCR inhibitors. These results agree with the low risk of sexual transfer of HCV and provide preliminary evidence for the presence of HGV/GBV-C in semen. Several investigators have shown that the sex partners ofThe data currently available suggest a low pathogenicity of HGV/GBV-C infection, but recently it has been suggested that subjects infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) have a low prevalence of anti-HCV antibody, suggesting a low risk of some virus strains might be involved in certain cases of fulminant hepatitis [28, 29]. While this point continues to be debated sexual transmission of this virus [1 -7]. On the contrary, other studies propose that sexual transmission might have a role in [30, 31] it is still important to understand the biology of HGV/ GBV-C infection. Parenteral transmission through contamithe epidemiology of HCV and account for some cases of sporadic HCV-related chronic hepatitis [8 -11]. Studies to identify nated blood has been confirmed, but it is not known whether this virus can be sexually transmitted. HCV RNA in the semen of infected subjects by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay have yielded conflicting resultsIn this study, we looked for HCV and HGV/GBV-C RNAs in the serum and semen of 90 anti-HCV -positive IVDUs, of [12 -15], possibly due to difficulties in the extraction of nucleic acids and the presence of PCR inhibitors in seminal plasma. whom 27 were coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). To overcome the technical problems in deThis uncertainty has rendered difficult both the understanding of HCV epidemiology and the sexual and reproductive counseltecting RNA in unfractionated semen and to understand which seminal fraction could serve as a reservoir for the virus, we ing of couples of whom only one partner, usually the male, is infected with HCV.separated the ejaculates into cell-free seminal plasma, seminal round cells, and spermatozoa before the PCR assay. To process The issue of sexual transmission of hepatitis viruses has become further complicated by the identification of a new semen we used a specific procedure that we have devised to treat HIV-infected semen [32]. HCV-related hepatitis virus named hepatitis G (HGV) [16] or 18]. It is now recognized that ...

Sperm washing within a programme of reproductive counselling was proved to be safe in this large series of serodiscordant couples. The overall pregnancy rate (70.3%), independent of the procedure used (IUI or IVF/ICSI), justifies the effort of the medical team in setting up and implementing dedicated centres and of the individual patient in seeking a safe pregnancy.

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HIV-1-affected couples’ desire to have children and free sexual intercourses with the use of pre-exposure prophylaxis for the negative partner has emerged as an alternative option to assisted reproduction in aviremic patients under highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). It is already known that sperm quality may be impaired in HIV-infected men. The underlying physiopathological mechanism is still debated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of HAART on sperm DNA fragmentation, comparing HIV-1-infected patients taking HAART versus naïve HIV-1-infected patients. This is a prospective case-control study. Sperm nuclear DNA fragmentation rate was evaluated by the sperm chromatin dispersion test in 77 HIV-infected men: 53 HIV-1 patients receiving HAART (Group 1) versus 24 naïve HIV-1 patients not receiving HAART (Group 2). Complete semen analysis was performed according to WHO 2010 recommendations. Patients with HBV infection or HCV infection coinfections and genital tract infections wre excluded. All the patients did not present any clinical signs of their disease. Seminal parameters were examined in the two groups, showing no significant differences. Increased sperm DNA fragmentation > 30% was demonstrated in 67.9% of patients in Group 1 and 37.5% of patients in Group 2, respectively (p = .02). A positive but nonsignificant trend toward increased fragmentation was reported with advancing patients’ age. In conclusion, sperm nuclear fragmentation rate is increased in HIV-1-infected patients taking HAART compared to HIV-1 patients not receiving HAART.