Anti-inflammatory and analgesic studies were conducted on rats and mice using ethanolic extracts of the leaves of Ficus thonningii and stem back of Pseudocedrela kotschyi using egg white induce inflammation, hot plate and writhing tests method. The ethanolic extracts of both plants inhibited egg-albumin induced edema, pain induced by hot plate and acetic acid induced writhing. Ficus thonningii and Pseudocedrela kotschyi significantly alter the stay time of the rats on hot plate with Pseudocedrela kotschyi showing a higher activity. Both plants extracts show analgesic activity in the acetic acid induced writhing (chemical method) with Pseudocedrela kotschyi showing a higher activity. Intraperitoneal LD 50 were 7g/kg and 1.5g/kg for Ficus thonningii and Pseudocedrela kotschyi respectively and preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of glycosides, flavonoids, tannins and alkaloids in both extracts. These results suggest that these plants possess analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties for which they are used by traditional healers.
The aqueous extract of the whole plant of Stachytarpheta indica was studied for the possible presence of analgesic constituents to rationalize its traditional use in the relief of pain and headache. The crude extract caused a concentration-dependent (2000 and 3000 mg/kg) analgesic and anti inflammatory effect in writhing reflex and egg white induced inflammatory models, but was ineffective in hot plate pain model signifying that it has no effect on centrally induce pain. The phyto-chemical analysis revealed that this medicinal plant contains flavoniods, steroids, tannin, cardiac glycoside, carbohydrate, alkaloids, saponins, etc. Acute toxicity studies using ip route revealed that the aqueous extract of S. indica is very toxic (LD 50 < 0.020 g/kg), but when administered orally, the animals survived a very high dose of 10 g/kg. This showed that the plant, which is known as Brazilian tea, is safe for oral consumption. Further studies showed that the plant shortens onset of phenobarbitone-induced sleep, and prolong sleeping time in Wistar rats but it does not induce nor cause drowsiness in normal Wistar rats. The results of this study support its use as a medicinal plant for the relief of pain in patients with malaria. Also its use as tea or as an adulterant in tea may be supported by the fact that the plant is very safe for oral consumption.The etiologies of many developmental, neurological and psychiatric disorders (i.e. cerebral palsy, mental retardation, learning disabilities and ADHD) have been linked to birth trauma, disruption in the maternal-placental-fetal system and hypoxiaischemia (HI) in early life. As HI brain injury is diverse in its progression and pathogenesis, therapies to prevent or reduce neuronal cell death are required to improve the outcomes of patients with HI encephalopathy. We investigated the putative neurorescue effects of doxycycline (DOXY) after HI in neonatal rat pups by performing a time course study examining changes in neuronal cell survival, neurochemistry and neuroinflammation after acute, sub-acute and long-term survival settings. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were used to detect neuronal degeneration, specific cell markers and cell death signaling proteins. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine concentrations of brain amino acids and to evaluate the brain penetration of DOXY. Acute studies revealed that DOXY significantly decreased neuronal degeneration, cleaved caspase-3 protein expression, inhibited microglial activation and reduced reactive astrocytosis compared to VEHtreated HI pups in the hippocampus, thalamus, striatum and cerebral cortex. Analyses of the long-term survival animals showed that apoptotic cell death was still taking place in control animals and that there was significantly more caspase-3 immunoreactivity in the VEH-treated pups compared to DOXY treated pups. HPLC analyses revealed that systemic administration of DOXY resulted in average drug levels of 867.1 ± 376.1 ng/g of brain tissue. In addition, we found that HI ca...
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