Ongoing neurogenesis in discrete sectors of the adult central nervous system depends on the mitotic activity of an elusive population of adult stem cells. The existence of adult neural stem cells provides an alternative approach to transplantation of embryonic stem cells in cell-based therapies. Owing to the limited intrinsic fate of adult stem cells and inhibitory nature of the adult brain for neurogenesis, accommodation for circuit replacement in the brain will require genetic and epigenetic manipulation. Here, we show that a replicationincompetent Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV) is highly suitable for stable and persistent gene transfer to adult neural stem cells. The transduced regions were free of longlasting neuroimmune responses to EIAV. Transduction in the subventricular zone was specific to the stem cell niche, but spared the progeny of adult neural stem cells that includes transit amplifying progenitors (TAPs) and migrating neuroblasts. With time, EIAV-transduced stem cells passed on the transgene to TAPs and migrating neuroblasts, which ultimately differentiated into neurons in the olfactory bulbs. We show that EIAV is highly suitable for discovery and assessment of mechanisms that regulate proliferation, migration and differentiation in the postnatal brain.

The commonly accepted view regarding the manner of entry of larvae of Wuchereria bancrofti (Cobb.) into the body cavity of its mosquito host is that microfilariae from human blood enter the stomach of the mosquito along with the blood meal and after casting their sheath in the stomach, they penetrate through the wall of the stomach, enter the haemocele and then find their way into the thoracic muscles. The time taken for the penetration of the stomach wall according to Looss (1914) is 6–12 hours. According to Bahr (1912) the worms appear in the thoracic muscles in 24 hours, while Lebredo (1905) recorded that in exceptional cases, worms were seen in the thorax 13 hours after feeding, but ordinarily the time interval was longer.

The present list of the mosquitos of south Thailand makes certain corrections to a list previously published and adds Anopheles barbumbrosus Strickl. & Chowd. and Anopheles letifer Sandosham to the list.Taxonomic notes are given on eight species and a description of the larva of Uranotaenia bimaculiala Leic., previously undescribed, is included. The characters by which U. bimaculiala can be separated from the closely allied U. micans Leic. and U. edwardsi Barraud are detailed.

Purpose of Review We aim to review 1) the changing epidemiology of liver disease and the impact that systematic differences in the opportunities for ethnic and racial minorities to gain access to care have had on mortality and 2) community interventions aimed at reducing disparities. Recent Findings There continues to be disparities in acute/chronic viral hepatitis. The success of the campaign to eliminate viral hepatitis depends on innovative initiatives like home-based screening in highest risk communities and improved access to treatment. We describe increasing rates of high-risk drinking and a need for culturally tailored treatment. We discuss rising rates of non-alcohol associated fatty liver disease and the need for improved education of patients and providers. Data on disparities in mortality in cholestatic liver diseases are emerging; qualitative data on barriers to care are needed. Summary Understanding racial disparities in liver disease is only the first step. Achieving health equity will take innovative initiatives. Publisher's NoteSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

A large collection of mosquitos made in five atolls of the Maldive Islands has revealed the presence of 15 species. These are listed and notes of taxonomic interest on seven of them are given.

No abstract

In India larvae of several species of Anopheles(Culicidae, Nematocera, Diptera) are parasitised by two species of fungi which form numerous large-sized spores in the host. These fungi occur in the haemocele of the Anopheles larva, and in heavily infected larvae the fungus can be seen to fill the entire haemocele from the thorax to the last segment of the abdomen. In many instances mycelia and spores occur even within the head of the insect. The fungi were not observed to invade the anal gills of the larva (except in a solitary instance in which spores occurred within the deteriorating anal gills).

Eggs of Tripteroides caledonicus (Edwards) and of T. melanesiensis Belkin are described and figured. Known eggs of nepenthicolous Tripteroides differ in shape from eggs of species colonising artificial containers. Eggs of T. caledonicus (Fig. I).-Ashen-grey, elongate-ovoid, about three times as long as broad (470-520 p long, 155-170 p wide). Micropyle well developed, flat, circular. Exochorion with small subglobular raised markings arranged usually in about 18 longitudinal rows. Dehiscence capsular, cleft at about one-fifth length of egg from anterior end.Eggs of T. melanesiensis (Fig. 2).-Charcoal-grey to black, fusiform, 480-500 p long, broadest near middle (230-240 p). Micropyle inconspicuous. Exochorion with irregular polygonal raised patches separated by narrow shallow depressions. Dehiscence capsular, more-or-less circular cleft at about onethird length of egg from anterior end.T. caledonicus breeds exclusively in pitchers of a species of Nepenthes and is common in the lower reaches of La Coulie River where Nepenthes grows extensively. In New Caledonia. T. rnelanesiensis was found breeding only in artificial containers, in rain-water barrels in Ponirihouen, in broken bottles in a graveyard in Nassirah village, and in rain-water collecting in discarded automobile tyres in La Coulee Valley and Mont Dore.There are few published records of Tripteroides eggs. Bancroft (1908) reported that T. puncfolarerulis (Theobald) "oviposits in a long narrow raft, jet black in colour". Yamada's (1917) description of the egg of T. bambusa (Yamada) has not been sighted. Graham (1929) described and figured eggs of Maorigoeldiu argyropus (Walker) belonging to an allied monotypic genus; these were elliptical in dorsal view, domeshaped in lateral view, and dehisced longitudinally, splitting the full length of the lateral margin: they were laid singly and floated in clusters of 12-20 on the water surface.Baisas and Ubaldo-Payagon (1953) figured specimens collected from Nepenthes; an egg-shell, probably of T. microcala (Dyar), which was elongate ovoid, with deeply sculptured exochorion, and capsular dehiscence at about one-sixth its length from the anterior end; and an elongate ovoid whole egg "probably of a Tripteroides" with different deep sculpturing. Dobrotworsky (1965) figured outlines only of the egg of T. tasmaniensis (Strickland) which appears fusiform or dome-shaped, resembling the egg of T. melanesiensis; and of the egg of T. atripes (Skuse) which is less fusiforrn and broadly dome-shaped. Belkin (1962) placed all the species of Tripteroides discussed here, except T. bambusa, in the "very complex and heterogeneous subgenus" Rachionofomyia Theobald, T. atripes and T. puncfolateralis in the atripes group, T. caledonicus and T. melanesiensis in the caledonicus group with which the tasmaniensis group has affinities (oriental species, including T. microcala. were not grouped). He stated that adults of T. caledonicus are practically indistinguishable from T. melanesiensis at the present, but the immature stages are q...