The indications for hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) in the treatment of acute carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning are discussed far too little in the literature. Depending on the author reasons for referral to a hyperbaric center include the carboxyhemoglobin level, change in state of consciousness or neurological abnormalities. In our opinion, HBO should be used on much wider indications than is usual, not only because of the rapid relief from symptoms it provides but mainly because it may prevent severe delayed sequelae. During a period of 9 months 230 patients with CO poisoning were admitted to our intensive care unit; 203 were treated with HBO and 27 with normobaric oxygen. Our indications for HBO treatment were: coma, pathological neurological findings or loss of consciousness during CO exposure irrespective of normal clinical findings on admission. Four patients died and the others were discharged 12 hours to 25 days after the incident. Seven patients had minor neurological problems within two weeks of discharge and which disappeared within one month. Two patients were re-hospitalized for neuropsychiatric sequelae and recovered in 3 and 6 months respectively. Neither the clinical status upon admission nor COHb predicted the outcome of the poisoning. Referral to a HBO center should be considered when: --the patient is comatose --there are abnormal clinical findings --patients have been unconsciousness during exposure, irrespective of whether they are conscious on admission and have normal clinical status.
EIA (Equine Infectious Anemia) is a blood-borne disease primarily transmitted by haematophagous insects or needle punctures. Other routes of transmission have been poorly explored. We evaluated the potential of EIAV (Equine Infectious Anemia Virus) to induce pulmonary lesions in naturally infected equids. Lungs from 77 EIAV seropositive horses have been collected in Romania and France. Three types of lesions have been scored on paraffin-embedded lungs: lymphocyte infiltration, bronchiolar inflammation, and thickness of the alveolar septa. Expression of the p26 EIAV capsid (CA) protein has been evaluated by immunostaining. Compared to EIAV-negative horses, 52% of the EIAV-positive horses displayed a mild inflammation around the bronchioles, 22% had a moderate inflammation with inflammatory cells inside the wall and epithelial bronchiolar hyperplasia and 6.5% had a moderate to severe inflammation, with destruction of the bronchiolar epithelium and accumulation of smooth muscle cells within the pulmonary parenchyma. Changes in the thickness of the alveolar septa were also present. Expression of EIAV capsid has been evidenced in macrophages, endothelial as well as in alveolar and bronchiolar epithelial cells, as determined by their morphology and localization. To summarize, we found lesions of interstitial lung disease similar to that observed during other lentiviral infections such as FIV in cats, SRLV in sheep and goats or HIV in children. The presence of EIAV capsid in lung epithelial cells suggests that EIAV might be responsible for the broncho-interstitial damages observed.
Amberlite XAD 4 resin hemoperfusion was studied in the treatment of massive digitoxin overdosage. In vitro experiments using 4 hour resin hemoperfusion showed that digitoxin is removed 100 percent from an isotonic saline reservoir, 83 +/- 14 percent from plasma, and 42 +/- 7 percent from whole blood. In dogs, serum level reduction is fast: 50 +/- 12 percent in 15 minutes, 71 +/- 6 percent in 180 minutes; mean plasma clearance is 24 +/- 6.5 ml/min for a 150 ml/min plasma flow rate. Eleven patients with massive digitoxin overdosage recovered with resin hemoperfusion. Serum level reduction was 32 +/- 14 percent with a 325 g resin column, 59 +/- 6 percent with two 325 g resin columns in series as compared with a 4.5 +/- 1.7 percent reduction without perfusion. Hemoperfusion increased the rate of spontaneous removal of digitoxin 8.6 +/- 3.3 times with a 325 g resin column, and 14 +/- 7.4 times with two 325 g resin columns.
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