Semi-crystalline and crystalline ceria-zirconia, nanoparticles had been successfully synthesized by water/oil microemulsion method at room temperature without and with calcination process. The basic understanding on the influence of microemulsion system and the relation of calcination process on the microstructure of nanoparticles was studied. Without calcination, the semi-crystalline nanoparticles with the size in the range of were produced. This size was consistent to the droplet size of microemulsion and the XRD crystallite size. In , zirconia ions incorporated into the ceria structure to form a complete solid solution of nanoparticles. The specific surface area was and it was found as a highly microporous material. While, after calcination process, the degree of crystallinity of nanoparticles increased and the fully crystalline nanoparticles were produced. The crystals and particles size grew up to 12 nm, while the surface area reduced to . However, both nanoparticles, with and without calcination, were consistent as a cubic structure. By comparing the properties of both nanoparticles samples, it can be concluded that the nanoparticles are able to be synthesized using the microemulsion method at room temperature without calcination process and it is suitable for catalysts application.
Oral route is preferred for drug administration; however according to the recent scenario 40% of new drug candidates have poor water solubility and low bioavailability. One of the biggest challenges in drug delivery science is to improve low oral bioavailability problem which is associated with the hydrophobic drugs due to their unprecedented potential as a drug deliver with the broad range of application. Self-emulsifying systems have been proved as highly useful technological innovations to vanquish such bioavailability problem by virtue of their diminutive globule size, higher solubilization tendency for hydrophobic drugs, robust formulation advantages, and easy to scale up. Self-microemulsifying systems are isotropic mixers of oil, surfactant, drug and co-emulsifier or solubilizer, which spontaneously form transparent micro-emulsions with oil droplets ranging between 100 and 250 nm. Micro emulsified drug can be easily absorbed through the lymphatic pathway and it bypasses the hepatic first-pass effect. Self-microemulsifying system is a thermodynamically stable system and overcomes the drawback of layering of emulsions after sitting for a long period of time. The present literature gives exhaustive information on the formulation design and characterization of self-microemulsifying systems.
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