This review describes a general concept of protein digestion and traditional views on the mechanisms of absorption of amino acids, di- and tripeptides on the example of milk protein. It covers the mechanism of milk fermentation by its own enzymes with the involvement of intestinal microflora. It also describes the ways of oligopeptide absorption, as well as pharmacological effects of biologically active oligopeptides, in particular casomorphine. We discuss the physiological role of casomorphins and some of their pharmacological effects on laboratory animals. Fermented dairy products are a good example of products containing casomorphins. We provide the definition of the ‘gut-brain axis’ with simultaneous nutrition of the brain and microbiota. Depending on fermentation of the product of bacterial hydrolysis by exoenzymes produced by starter or probiotic strains, casomorphins are generated in fermented dairy products. The mechanism of β-casamorphine action (especially in children) is particularly interesting for physiologists, pharmacologists, and psychologists, since their effects on cells and individual systems promote certain neurochemical reactions associated with behavior and vital activities in general. There is also an overview of studies analyzing food consumption and mood modeling with an evidence base for improving mental health and mood associated with consuming certain nutrients and foods, especially dairy products. Key words: casomorphins, fermented dairy products, children
The literature review is devoted to biologically active metabolites of casein — the results of its hydrolysis — oligopeptides casomorphins. These peptides with a chain length of 4 to 11 amino acids are derived from milk β-casein and are released during digestion, both in vivo and in vitro. Caseomorphins exhibit opioid and pharmacological activity due to binding to μ-receptors located in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract and some immune cells. Understanding the biological role of caseomorphins in the milk of mammals, including humans, and their effect on organs and systems, will bring specialists closer to deciphering the etiology of a whole group of diseases.
The second part of the review on casomorphins is devoted to the role of these biologically active peptides — products of phosphoprotein hydrolysis. Convincing data on the eff ect on the immune system, anti-oncogenic effect, on the motility and tone of smooth muscle fibers, the ability to control other aspects of the gastrointestinal tract activity—the transport function of the intestinal epithelium, water absorption, etc. The effect of β-casomorphins on the endocrine system, primarily on release of insulin and somatostatin. Particular attention should be paid to the question of the effect of β-casomorphins on the maternal organism during pregnancy and breastfeeding of the newborn. This is important because β-casomorphins can enter the central nervous system, being one of the factors in postpartum psychosis and depression. The study of the mechanisms of action of β-casomorphins will bring scientists closer to understanding the genesis and pathogenesis of a signifi cant spectrum of pathologies.
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