Salix caprea L. (Salicaceae) is widely used in folk medicine for rheumatoid arthritis, malaria, various hemorrhages, gout, neuralgia, and intestinal diseases as an antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, hemostatic, sedative, and antihelminthic agent [1, 2].Carbohydrates [3], tanning agents [4], steroids [5], phenolglucosides [6], alkaloids, vitamins [7], phenolcarboxylic acids and their derivatives [8], flavonoids chultenin [3], kaempferol, luteolin, apigenin, naringenin, quercetin, isorhamnetin [9], luteolin 7-O-E-D-glucopyranoside, baccoside, salicaprin [10-12], diosmetin, caperoside, salicaperoside [13, 14], astragalin, quercemeritrin, and quercetin 3,7-di-O-glucoside [15] were isolated from S. caprea.Ground air-dried flowers of S. caprea (1000 g) that were collected in Hotan district of Xinjiang Autonomous Region, P. R. China, were extracted exhaustively with EtOH (70%) at room temperature. The combined extracts were evaporated in vacuo. The condensed residue was diluted with water and treated successively with petroleum ether, ether, EtOAc, and n-BuOH.The EtOAc fraction was separated by HPLC over a Phenomenex ODS-C 18 column (250 u 4.6 mm, 5 Pm) with a C 18 pre-column. Solvents were filtered through a 0.45 Pm filter before use. The mobile phase was MeOH:H 2 O (40:60, v/v) at flow rate 1 mL/min. UV detection was carried out at O 210, 260, 280, and 360 nm (at various recording scales I, II, III, IV). Four compounds (1-4) were eluted from the column with retention times of 15, 43, 64, and 70 min, respectively.Pure compounds were identified using UV, IR, PMR, and 13 C NMR spectra as astragalin (1) [15, 16], quercimeritrin (2) [15, 17], isorhamnetin-7-O-E-D-glucoside (3) [18], and isoquercitrin (4) [19]. Astragalin (1), C 21 H 20 O 11 , mp 177-179°C. UV spectrum (MeOH, O max , nm): 268, 301, 360; +AlCl 3 : 272, 304, 398; +AlCl 3 /HCl: 277, 302, 350, 398; +CH 3 COONa: 278, 370. Acid hydrolysis of astragalin produced kaempferol and D-glucose. Quercimeritrin (2), C 12 H 20 O 12 , mp 251-253°C. UV spectrum (MeOH, O max , nm): 260, 370; +CH 3 COONa: 260, 371. Acid hydrolysis of 2 produced quercetin and D-glucose. Isorhamnetin-7-O-E-D-glucoside (3), C 22 H 22 O 12 , mp 255-257°C. UV spectrum (MeOH, O max , nm): 257, 372; +CH 3 COONa: 257, 374. IR spectrum (KBr, Q, cm -1 ): 3308,
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