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In this paper, we study four-body systems consisting of diquark-antidiquark, and we analyze diquark-antidiquark in the framework of a two-body (pseudo-point) problem. We solve Lippman-Schwinger equation numerically for charm diquarkantidiquark systems and find the eigenvalues to calculate the binding energies and masses of heavy tetraquarks with hidden charms. Our results are in good agreement with theoretical and experimental data.

We show that the BFT embedding method is problematic for mixed systems (systems possessing both first and second class constraints). The Chern-Simons theory as an example is worked out in detail. We give two methods to solve the problem leading to two different types of finite order BFT embedding for Chern-Simons theory. * monemzadeh@sepahan.iut.ac.ir † shirzad@ipm.ir

We have proposed a method in the context of BFFT approach that leads to truncation of the infinite series regarded to constraints in the extended phase space, as well as other physical quantities (such as Hamiltonian). This has been done for cases where the matrix of Poisson brackets among the constraints is symplectic or constant. The method is applied to Proca model, single self dual chiral bosons and chiral Schwinger models as examples. *

In this paper, the gauge structure of non-Abelian Chern–Simons model is investigated. Non-Abelian Chern–Simons model, unlike first class constraints systems is not a gauge theory, primarily due to the appearance of two second class constraints in its algebra. These two second class constraints were converted into first ones using gauge unfixing formalism. The model Lagrangian and Hamiltonian were obtained, aiming to satisfy first class algebra and hence making it into a fully gauge theory. Partition function of the model was finally evaluated and presented here.

Abstract:We study the effect of the simplest geometry which is imposed via the topology of the universe by gauging non-relativistic particle model on torus and 3-torus with the help of symplectic formalism of constrained systems. Also, we obtain generators of gauge transformations for gauged models. Extracting corresponding Poisson structure of existed constraints, we show the effect of the shape of the universe on canonical structure of phase-spaces of models and suggest some phenomenology to prove the topology of the universe and probable non-commutative structure of the space. In addition, we show that the number of extra dimensions in the phase-spaces of gauged embedded models are exactly two. Moreover, in classical form, we talk over modification of Newton's second law in order to study the origin of the terms appeared in the gauged theory.

In this paper, we have calculated the masses of mesons containing t-quark and their spins' coupling coefficients. This was achieved by solving Lippmann-Schwinger equation for the quark-antiquark bound state of heavy mesons in configuration space. Heavy meson masses submitted criteria for the strong nuclear interactive potential between two quarks. We investigated the stability of a few suitable potentials and offered the best of these potentials for heavy mesons.