In this study, we investigated the functional role of early growth response-1 (Egr1 gene) in the regulation of radiation-induced clonogenic inhibition and apoptosis in p53 wild-type and mutant prostate cancer cells 22Rv1 and DU145, respectively. 22Rv1 cells were more sensitive to irradiation compared with DU145 cells, and the sensitivity was enhanced by overexpression of EGR-1 in both cells. Dominant-negative EGR-1 mutant (dnEGR-1) or repressor of EGR-1, NGFIA binding protein 1 (NAB1), increased radioresistance of these cells. Significant activation of caspases 3 and 9 and Bcl2-associated X (Bax) with increased poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage and cytochrome c release was observed in radiation-exposed EGR-1 overexpressing cells. Gel shift analysis and chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) reporter assays indicate that EGR-1 transactivates the promoter of the Bax gene. Interaction of EGR-1 and Yes kinase-associated protein 1 (YAP-1) through the WW domain of YAP-1 enhances the transcriptional activity of EGR-1 on the Bax promoter as shown by chromatin immunoprecipitation and reporter assays. Irradiation of PC3 cell xenografts that were treated with adenoviral EGR-1 showed significant regression in tumor volume. These findings establish the radiation-induced pro-apoptotic action of EGR-1, in a p53-independent manner, by directly transactivating Bax, and prove that alters the B-cell CLL/ lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)/Bax ratio as one of the mechanisms resulting in significant activation of caspases, leading to cell death through the novel interaction of EGR-1 with YAP-1.

In this study, we sought to investigate the mechanism of the proapoptotic function of Egr-1 in relation to p53 status in normal isogenic cell backgrounds by using primary MEF cells established from homozygous (

In aggregate, overutilization exceeded 20%. At the focus hospital, approximately one-quarter of patients receiving transfusions had a Hb concentration greater than 10.0 g/dL at discharge. Transfused patients' discharge Hb concentration represents an effective indicator for retrospective monitoring of transfusion appropriateness. In light of the large number of patients receiving even number transfusions, reviewing Hb levels after transfusion of each RBC unit could reduce unnecessary transfusions. Retrospective review of discharge Hb data focuses providers on transfusion outcomes and affords an educational opportunity for blood utilization management.

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