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<p class="abstract"><strong><span lang="EN-US">Background: </span></strong><span lang="EN-GB">Osteoporosis is a disease that weakens bones, increasing the risk of sudden and unexpected fractures. Literally meaning “porous bone”, it results in an increased loss of bone mass and strength. The disease often progresses without any symptoms or pain. Though the exact cause is not known it can be prevented. After age 35, bone breakdown outpaces bone build-up, resulting in a gradual loss of bone mass. Once this loss of bone reaches a certain point, a person has osteoporosis. After menopause, bone resorption (breakdown) outpaces the building of new bone. </span><span lang="EN-US">Osteoporosis is a silent disease, reflected only in a low bone density, till a fracture occurs.</span><span lang="EN-US">One of the most rapidly emerging health problems in the postmenopausal women is osteoporosis. It is now realized that, osteoporotic fractures are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in India in the elderly women population. Aim:</span><span lang="EN-GB">To study the correlation between serum minerals and Bone Mineral Density (BMD) in pre and postmenopausal women.</span></p><p class="abstract"><strong><span lang="EN-US">Methods: </span></strong><span lang="EN-GB">This study was designed to find out the serum mineral levels and its correlation with bone mineral density in pre and post-menopausal women. The present study was a cross-sectional study. 40 women from each group i.e. premenopausal and postmenopausal women were selected for the study with no medical, surgical or gynaecological abnormalities. The Bone Mineral Density (BMD) was measured by Bone Densitometer and classified as normal, osteopenia and osteoporosis according to T-score. Serum minerals were measured in autoanalyser. </span><span lang="EN-US">The data was analyzed using Microsoft excel 2007. For the comparison of values between the groups, students ‘t’ test was used, for the correlation, Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong><span lang="EN-US">Results: </span></strong><span lang="EN-GB">Around 80% of the post-menopausal women are osteoporotic. BMD scores were significantly low in postmenopausal women according to T-score along with significantly decreased Serum mineral levels when compared to premenopausal women. There was significant positive correlation between T-score and serum calcium and magnesium levels in postmenopausal women.</span></p><p class="abstract"><strong><span lang="EN-US">Conclusions: </span></strong><span lang="EN-GB">Our study suggests that peri and postmenopausal women should take magnesium rich foods also like whole grains, legumes, fruits and vegetables (especially dark-green, leafy vegetables) every day which will help to provide recommended intakes of magnesium and maintain normal storage levels of this mineral. If these foods are not available or serum levels are too low supplementation can be given in the form of tablets.</span></p>

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is emerging as an important chronic disease globally. The occurrence of liver and pancreatic diseases as comorbid conditions is very common. Estimation of liver and pancreatic enzymes still remains the main modality of diagnosis and monitoring hepatic and pancreatic diseases. Alterations in the enzyme levels in the absence of liver and pancreatic diseases have been reported. Hence we decided to compare the serum levels of liver and pancreatic enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP, GGT amylase and lipase) among CKD patients without end-stage renal disease (ESRD), patients with ESRD and healthy controls and to correlate the enzyme levels with eGFR (severity). Materials and methods: The present study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital with 100 controls, 100 CKD patients without ESRD and 100 ESRD patients. All the 300 patients had no evidence of hepatic or pancreatic diseases. Alanine transaminase (AST), aspartate transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), amylase and lipase were estimated in all 300 study subjects. Results: There was a significant decrease in the levels of AST and ALT and increase in ALP, GGT, amylase and lipase levels in the CKD patients without ESRD and ESRD patients as compared to the controls (p < 0.05). eGFR was found to have a strong negative correlation with ALP, amylase, and lipase in CKD patients without ESRD and with ESRD. Conclusion:Our study emphasizes that, using the present reference ranges for these enzymes in CKD patients will result misdiagnosis of hepatic or pancreatic disease, hence emphasizing the need to establish new reference ranges for these enzymes in various stages of CKD which ultimately will help the treating physicians in diagnosis and management of hepatic and pancreatic dysfunction in CKD patients.

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