In liquid fueled combustion the interaction of spray droplets with surrounding turbulent air flow is crucial since it influences the evaporation rate of the fuel droplets and the process of air and fuel vapor mixture preparation. For detail understanding on the droplet-turbulence interaction mechanisms as well as to validate numerical simulations of sprays, simultaneous measurement of both dispersed and carrier phases of the spray is essential. This way the vortical interaction of droplets can be fully characterized such that important issues such as local spray unsteadiness and spatio-temporal inhomogeneity of droplet concentration due to droplet clustering, and group evaporation of droplets can be addressed. This review focuses on the advances in the optical diagnostics (especially the planar techniques) in the last few decades to meet these requirements. Due to broad size and velocity distributions of spray droplets, the application of the two-phase measurement techniques to sprays encounters challenges especially in phase discrimination. Additionally, for sprays, it is not sufficient to simultaneously measure two-phase velocities but the droplet size is also important since the dynamic drag on droplets is according to their size and velocity relative to the surrounding gas flow. The techniques with such capability are explored. The sources of uncertainty, and advantages and limitations of different two-phase measurement approaches are analyzed according to their application to dense and dilute sprays.
Design and Manufacturing of 3D Welding Special Purpose Machine has been presented in this paper. Instead of using a Programmed Robot we designed and manufactured a SPM. Catia V5 has been used for designing and manufacturing of the machine with basic manufacturing processes. Conventional manual methods of welding have been replaced by automation by 3D Welding SPM. In the past path generation was for only two dimensions and no special purpose machine was invented for 3 dimensional automated welding, so we have invented a machine which will allow automated welding in 3D axis with the help of four different assemblies of basic mechanical components. Successful results have increased the accuracy and efficiency in welding process and also have cut the machining time.
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