This paper gives the results of an investigation of magnesite--chromite refractories after service in the roof of a tunnel kiln for 7 years. The length of the kiln is 156 m (52 positions), including 69 m (positions Nos. 1-23) for the warming-up section, 24 m (24-31) for the firing section, and 63 m (32-52) for the cooling section. The thickness of the suspended roof is 200 ram. The external surface of the roof is insulated with a layer of filling up to 120 mm thick. The kiln was heated with natural gas. The maximum firing temperature was 1750~ and the atmosphere was oxidizing.The bricks after service showed a least-changed zone, a transition, and a working zone (with subzones A and B). Deposits and crust had formed on the hot surface and walls of the pores in the bricks. The chemical and phase compositions of the bricks, the deposits, and fractures vary over the length of the kiln, and depend on the temperature, composition, and amount of corrosive flue gases. The maximum change in the articles occurs on the firing sections at maximum temperatures, and the least --in the cooling section.The waste gases are enriched with decomposition and combustion products of the sulfite lye constituents used as binder for the bricks (4-5%), and also by the volatilization of oxides from the magnesite--chromite bricks MKhS being fired.
Based on the results of the analysis of command and staff training of the territorial defence units and scientific research conducted to determine approaches to the estimation of the effectiveness of military units training, a set of indicators required to estimate the effectiveness of training of territorial defence units of the Armed Forces of Ukraine has been suggested. The achievement of the designated combat capabilities has been defined as an overall indicator for the effectiveness estimation. This indicator depends on the readiness to perform tasks of such components as personnel management, organizational core and units of the territorial defence brigade.
Being a measuring tool the indicator should reflect the level of the item’s specific property display. The definition of the well-grounded indicators required to estimate the separate territorial defence brigade training effectiveness is of great theoretical and practical importance. Justification of the criterion and a set of indicators required to estimate the effectiveness of training of a separate territorial defence brigade is a challenging task. In practical terms, a set of indicators required to estimate the effectiveness of training of a separate territorial defence brigade is a result of activities of the relevant social and technical systems (territorial defence structures and agencies) established to perform missions. Estimation of the effectiveness of training of a separate territorial defence brigade requires application of complex indicators which can generalise a certain amount of information and at the same time maintain the objectivity of estimation. In some cases, in particular, when dealing with new tasks, this may require synthesis (a combination of earlier identified concepts and goals), the formulation of new indicators and algorithms for their calculation. Based on the results of the analysis of command and staff training of territorial defence units and scientific research conducted to determine approaches to the estimation of the effectiveness of military units training, a set of indicators required to estimate the effectiveness of training of territorial defence units of the Armed Forces of Ukraine has been suggested. The achievement of the designated combat capabilities has been defined as an overall indicator for the effectiveness estimation. This indicator depends on the readiness to perform tasks of such components as personnel management, organizational core and units of the territorial defence brigade and can be used to develop a partial methodology for the estimation of effectiveness of training the territorial defence brigade organizational core.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.