Abstract. Three dimensional (3D) spatial data models have been known as a geographic information system platform for representing the dimensionality of spatial objects with respect to the real world. They can be used to mimmick the real-world objects above the ground, on the ground and underground. A 3D spatial data model that can integrate surface and subsurface elements will have a significant impact on engineering, spatial and urban planning, and the built environment. Such an impact includes good infrastructure development, proper planning, result-oriented installation of utilities, location-specific excavation of existing utilities, and cost-effective economy resulting from minimal damage of infrastructures. This article explores and documents the state-of-the-art with respect to 3D spatial data models specifically for the integration of surface and subsurface objects based on a thorough review of the literature in academic articles, technical reports, and web-based materials. To better understand the scope, this paper reviews the different 3D spatial modelling approach for surface spatial objects, subsurface spatial objects, and with keen focus on surface and subsurface spatial objects integration. The Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) has played an important role in data integration and has a core space in 3D spatial data model evolution. One of the recent data models for such task is CityJSON due to its simplicity in data storage, visualization, manipulation, and data update compared to CityGML. The parameters influencing the choice of models can be attributed to the availability of data structure, applicability, exchange format and relevance. Based on the range of 3D spatial data model reviewed, a unified model is expedient for integration of surface and subsurface spatial objects.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.