In Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) there are no available data on permanent losses of agricultural land and it is evident that all the research and professional and scientific literature still uses the information of annual land loss in the amount of 3,000 ha which, according to the available references, has been in use since 1977 (Resulović, 1977-2010). The subject of this scientific research is to investigate changes in the use of agricultural land in BiH, sectoral policies and factors affecting these changes as well as the quality of official data on land and land use change. Analyzed as part of this research were three sets of data: statistical data (1961-1991), cadastral records (1973-1991) and CORINE data on land cover changes (2000-2018). Researches have shown that trends in changes in total agricultural land by all categories of use were not linear and were considerably affected by the socioeconomic development and sectoral policies. This study has shown that total agricultural land, according to statistical records from 1961-1991, was reduced by 101,222 ha (3,374 ha/yr). Within the category of arable land, the biggest permanent losses were recorded in cropland and gardens, amounting to 207,823 ha or 6,927 ha/yr, while in some other categories within the arable land an increase was recorded. According to cadastral records for the period 1973-1991, the total decrease of agricultural land amounts to 58,186 ha (3,232 ha/yr). According to CORINE data, the reduction of agricultural land in the period 2000-2018 is 14,152 ha or 786 ha/yr.
UDK 631.164(497.6) The main act to consider the value of land from the perspective of various sectors and their needs (urban planning, agriculture etc.) in the Federation of B&H is the Decree on unique methodology for preparation of the spatial planning documents (Official Gazette of the Federation of B&H, No. 63/04 and No. 50/07), which prescribes the obligation of making the Land capability study as a segment of spatial basis. Land capability study projects are being implemented by the Institute of Soil, Agro chemistry and Melioration (PAM) of the Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences University of Sarajevo. By using defined soil bonity categories, land capability study defines the natural potential of soils in terms of agricultural production and food production, and defines the zones for various land use types. From the rational land use point of view, it means adequate spatial planning, urban development and environmental protection. This paper aims to present the importance, characteristics as well as use of the Land capability study at the municipality level using municipalities of Tuzla Canton as example. Agricultural areas of on the territory of five municipalities in Tuzla Canton (Gradacac, Gracanica, Kalesija, Zivinice, Sapna) account for 44,356.1 ha or 42.6% of the total area. Represented in these areas are soil bonity categories that range from II to VII. The first four bonity categories that are determined exclusively as agricultural land account for 28,739.91 ha or 63.1% of the total area. Within this group, the most represented is the IVb category with 17,229.8 ha. The best quality bonity categories II and III account for 7,514.3 ha or 16.5% of the total area. Analysis of the orthophoto images has identified a significant dynamics of change in space in the period 2008-2012 in four municipalities (Gradacac, Kalesija, Zivinice, Gracanica). Analysis has established that artificial areas (developed) increased by 737 ha, agricultural areas without orchards decreased by 1,136.72 ha, while the areas under orchards increased by 283.13 ha. The largest expansion of developed areas and settlements was recorded within the bonity categories IVb (47% of the total change) and III (27%).
Kraška područja su specifična po svojim prirodnim karakteristikama, prvenstveno oskudici vode, vegetacije i tla. Zemljišta na kršu su plitka, skeletna i veoma podložna površinskoj i dubinskoj eroziji. Zbog toga je njihov potencijal za poljoprivrednu proizvodnju ograničen. S druge strane, suše su česta i skoro redovna pojava u toku vegetacionog perioda kada je voda biljkama najpotrebnija. Klimatske promjene, fenomene poplava i suša još više usložnjavaju. U takvim uslovima prilagođavanje čovjeka je teško. Upravo o stepenu prilagodljivosti čovjeka na specifične prirodne karakteristike krša ovisi i razvijenost ovih područja. Podaci o tome kakav je zemljišni pokrov, koliko je izmijenjen i za što se zemljište koristi mogu služiti za procjenu održivosti, ranjivosti i otpornosti zemljišnog sistema (Han et al., 2004), a to je naročito bitno u osjetljivim prirodnim sistemima kakav je krš. Bosna i Hercegovina je prošla, i još uvijek prolazi, kroz značajne društvene promjene i posljedice u prostoru su ogromne. S obzirom na navedeno, cilj rada je analizirati potencijal poljoprivrednog zemljišta mediteransko-submediteranskog područja krša te kako i koliko su društveni procesi, a posebno migratorna kretanja stanovništva uticali na promjene zemljišnog pokrivača i načina korištenja zemljišta. Promjene na poljoprivrednim površinama identifikovane su na osnovu satelitskih snimaka iz 2000, 2006. i 2012. godine.
UDK 631.4:551.583(497.6) The value of the landscape in the karst region of Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) is the foundation of its existence and the key role in its appearance and formation is played by geomorphology and the soil. Through history the man has created a „cultural landscape” which is completely adapted to the natural conditions. He further enriches the space and makes it more appealing. Soils in B&H karst are extremely heterogeneous and form a real pedological mosaic. Found on the Mesozoic sediments of limestone and dolomite of the Middle and Upper Jurassic and Early and Late Cretaceous are Bare rocks (barren land), Rocky grounds (Lithosol), Limestone-dolomite Black soil (Calcomelanosol) and Brown soil on limestone and dolomite (Calcocambisol). A specificity of these rocks are the screes that are transported down the hillside. A series may occur on them in which, if shale materials are contained, Rendzina appears as a calcareous soil. In addition to the above mentioned limestone and dolomite, there are marly limestones of Jurassic and Cretaceous age and Quaternary sediments on which Alluvial soils (Fluvisol) developed as well as the soils of karst fields which are sometimes very porous and skeletal and sometimes heavy and clayey on impermeable substrate (hydromorphic soils). The paper will provide an overview of characteristic soil types in the Sub-Mediterranean upper and lower karst region of B&H taking into account a range of properties that make them sensitive and vulnerable within the ecosystem. These should include a lack of water on the surface and large fluctuations in the amount of water during the rainy and dry seasons and whimsicality of climate in general, which has a huge impact on the state of biodiversity and human lives in this region.
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