Two recent genome-wide studies showed that the single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the HLA-DQ region (rs2856718 and rs9275572) were associated with chronic hepatitis B virus infection and chronic hepatitis C virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma in Japanese patients. We tested the effects of the two single-nucleotide polymorphisms for all major HBV outcomes and lamivudine treatment in Han Chinese. A total of 1649 samples were enrolled, and peripheral blood samples were collected in this study. The single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the HLA-DQ region were genotyped using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. Our study demonstrated the clear relevance of HLA-DQ rs2856718 and rs9275572 with HBV susceptibility, natural clearance and HBV-associated HCC. HLA-DQ rs2856718G and rs9275572A were strongly associated with decreased risk of chronic HBV infection (odds ratio = 0.641; P = 2.64 × 10(-4) ; odds ratio = 0.627, P = 7.22 × 10(-5) ) and HBV natural clearance (odds ratio = 0.610; P = 4.80 × 10(-4) ; odds ratio = 0.714, P = 0.013). Moreover, rs9275572A was also associated with development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (odds ratio = 0.632, P = 0.008). In addition, we showed for the first time to our knowledge that rs9275572 was a predictor for lamivudine therapy (viral response: odds ratio = 2.599, P = 4.43 × 10(-4) ; biochemical response: odds ratio = 2.279, P = 4.23 × 10(-4) ). Our study suggested that HLA-DQ loci were associated with both HBV clearance and HBV-related diseases and outcomes of lamivudine treatment in Han Chinese.
<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Quantifying the relative importance of gas uptake on the ground and aerosol surfaces helps to determine which processes should be included in atmospheric chemistry models. Gas uptake by aerosols is often characterized by an effective uptake coefficient (<i>&#947;</i><sub>eff</sub>), whereas gas uptake on the ground is usually described by a deposition velocity (<i>V</i><sub>d</sub>). For efficient comparison, we introduce an equivalent uptake coefficient (<i>&#947;</i><sub>eqv</sub>) at which the uptake flux of aerosols would equal that on the ground surface. If <i>&#947;</i><sub>eff</sub> is similar to or larger than <i>&#947;</i><sub>eqv</sub>, aerosol uptake is important and should be included in atmospheric models. In this study, we compare uptake fluxes in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) for different reactive trace gases (O<sub>3</sub>, NO<sub>2</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, HNO<sub>3</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>), aerosol types (mineral dust, soot, organic aerosol, sea salt aerosol), environments (urban, agricultural land, Amazon forest, water body), seasons, and mixing heights.</p> <p>For all investigated gases, <i>&#947;</i><sub>eqv</sub> ranges from 10<sup>&#8722;6</sup>&#8201;~&#8201;10<sup>&#8722;4</sup> in polluted urban environments to 10<sup>&#8722;4</sup>&#8201;~&#8201;10<sup>&#8722;1</sup> under pristine forest conditions. In urban areas, aerosol uptake is relevant for all species (<i>&#947;</i><sub>eff</sub>&#8201;&#8805;&#8201;<i>&#947;</i><sub>eqv</sub>) and should be considered in models. On the contrary, contributions of aerosol uptakes in Amazon forest are minor compared to the dry deposition. Phase state of aerosols could be one of the crucial factors influencing the uptake rates. Current models tend to underestimate the O<sub>3</sub> uptake on liquid organic aerosols which can be important especially over regions with <i>&#947;</i><sub>eff</sub>&#8201;&#8805;&#8201;<i>&#947;</i><sub>eqv</sub>. H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> uptakes on a variety of aerosols is yet to be measured at laboratory and evaluated.</p> <p>Given the fact that most models have considered their uptakes on the ground surface, we suggest also considering the N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> uptake by all types of aerosols, HNO<sub>3</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> uptakes by mineral dust, O<sub>3</sub> uptake by liquid organic aerosols and NO<sub>2</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, HNO<sub>3</sub> uptakes by sea salt aerosols in atmospheric models.</p>
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