Modular construction methods have been widely used in the civil engineering industry due to ease of assembly, the convenience of design, and allowing for flexibility in placement while making the construction more sustainable. With the increasing number of COVID-19 cases, the capacity of the hospital is decreasing as more intensive care units (ICU) are allocated to COVID-19 cases. This limited capacity can be addressed by using modular construction to provide field hospitals. This paper adopts transient Lagrangian computational fluid dynamics simulations to investigate the importance of having an appropriate ventilation system in place to ensure sustainable infection control against airborne viruses and pathogens within a modular room. The performance of having a ventilation system using 10, 20, and 40 air changes per hour (ACH) was examined. In addition, different room configurations were also compared to provide useful guidelines for air conditioning units placement. It was determined that as the ACH rate increases while maintaining a direct flow field between the inlet and outlet, the rate of aerosol removal increases. Furthermore, the flowfield in which can be controlled by the placement of the inlet and outlet can impact the removal of aerosols, as it dictates how far the droplets travel before being removed from the enclosure.
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of speed on drafts of some selected tractor-driven tillage implements in Samaru soil in order to address the problem of inadequacy of local design data, inappropriateness and inadaptability of such imported implements. Three tillage implements were used at three tractor speeds on the field at three tillage depths using two Eicher tractors (5660). The draft forces replicated, three times, were measured using dynamometer. Soil samples collected from different points in the field were analyzed for moisture content (MC), humus content and bulk density (BD). The results showed that draft of the three implements were related to the speed of the tractor. Result obtained also showed MC varies from 8.40-15.11%, BD varies from 1.62-1.77g/cm3 and humus content from 4.207-0.625% down the soil profile. At the lowest MC of 8.40%, drafts of 3.07, 5.13 and 9.33kN at speed 2.5 m/s were obtained for the selected implements. Drafts of 2.00, 2.80 and 4.03kN were obtained at the highest MC of 15.11% at 2.5m/s speed. It is clear from the experiment that draft increases with increase in speed for disc plough, disc harrow, tillage depths and BD, while draft decreases with increase in MC and speed of mouldboard ridger. The best speed for tillage is 2.5 m/s obtained at optimum MC 10.67–15.11% for soil under consideration. Disc plough requires highest draft 2.8-9.33kN followed by mouldboard ridger 4.03-5.83kN and disc harrow requires least draft 2.0-3.57kN at each of the three speeds considered.
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