Using optimal culture conditions in which the transforming growth factor 11 (TGF-j1) inhibitory loop has been interrupted by antiuense TGF-131 oligonudeotides or antf-TGF-1 serum, we have compared the proliferative capacities and the abUities ofthe CD34+ CD38-ceil populations from bone marrow and umbilical cord blood to generate early progenitors in long-term cultures. The CD34+ CD38-fraction of umbilical cord blood accounts for 4% of the CD34+ fraction compared to only 1% in bone marrow, indicating that umbilical cord blood may be relatively enriched in stem cells. We estimate that the CD34+ CD38-cells from a typical umbilical cord blood sample produce equivalent numbers of colonyformdngunits (CFU)-gnulocyte/erythrocyte/macrophage/ megakaryocyt, twice as many CFU-granulocyte/macrophage (GM) and 3 times as many burst-forming units-erythroid as the same population from an average bone marrow sample used in adult tansplantation. In addition, the colonies resulting from the umbical cord blood samples were signiflcantly larger than those from bone marrow, indicating a greater growth potential. However, the content of later progenitors, which may be important for short-term reconstitution, was less in umbilical cord blood-derived than in bone marrow-derived cell preparatons, as esimated by a 4-fold lower production of CFU-GM in long-term cultures of CD34+ CD38+ cells. This deficit is pardaly compensated by the higher growth capacity of the resulting CFU-GM. These studies suggest that umbiical cord blood is a suitable source of cells for adult transplantation.Small amounts of near-term or neonatal mouse blood has been demonstrated to have the potential to completely reconstitute the hematopoietic system of adult mice (1). This finding has prompted extensive analysis of human umbilical cord blood as a potential source for cells for hematopoietic reconstitution in man (1-4). Various nonmalignant (3, 5) and malignant (7,8) hematopoietic diseases and malignant nonhematopoietic diseases (9, 10) have been successfully treated in children by using umbilical cord blood transplantation. Umbilical cord blood is easily obtainable and therefore could be used to develop banks of HLA-typed cells for general use in adult transplantation ifthe engraftment potential were high enough. Here we report methods for evaluating the relative potentials for engraftment and their use in comparing umbilical cord blood and bone marrow as cellular sources for transplantation.In the past, engraftability of bone marrow samples has largely been analyzed through estimation of the content of colony-forming unit (CFU)-anulocyte/macrophage (GM) (11,13 Purfication of CD34+ Cells. Mononuclear cells were obtained as described (20,23). Hematopoietic progenitors expressing the CD34 antigen were purified using the Applied Immune Sciences (Santa Clara, CA) procedure [soybean agglutinin (SBA) and CD34 CELLector flasks] (20, 24). These cells were then recovered, concentrated, and used for fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), phenotypic anal-
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