Pseudobrickelliabrasiliensisis aspecies endemic toBrazil, popularlyknown as "arnica"/ "arnica-do-campo"/ "arnica-do-mato" and used for itsanalgesicand antiinflammatoryproperties. The objective of this research was thephytochemical studyof the essential oilandhexaneandethyl acetateextracts of the leaves of this species. The essential oilwasextracted byhydrodistillation using a Clevengerapparatusand was analyzed byGC/MS, 25components were identified, with a predominance ofmonoterpenes. The extractswere subjected toclassicalchromatographyand the fractionswere analyzed byGC/ MS, 1D 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR and 13 C-NMR-DEPT 135.α-amyrin, α-amyrin acetate, β-amyrin, β-amyrin acetate, lupeol, lupeolacetate, pseudotaraxasterol andtaraxasterol (triterpenes), andkaurenoicacid (diterpene) were identified.Theseterpenesarechemo-taxonomicallyrelated to theEupatorieaetribe(Asteraceae) and may be responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity attributed to the plant.Key words: Pseudobrickellia brasiliensis, Asteraceae, medicinal plant, phytochemistry, terpenes. RESUMO: Constituintes químicos das folhas de Pseudobrickellia brasiliensis (Spreng.) R.M. King & H. Rob. (Asteraceae).Pseudobrickellia brasiliensis é uma espécie endêmica do Brasil, popularmente conhecida como "arnica"/ "arnica-do-campo"/ "arnica-do-mato" e usada por suas propriedades analgésica e antiinflamatória. O objetivo do trabalho foi o estudo fitoquímico do óleo essencial e dos extratos hexânico e em acetato de etila das folhas dessa espécie. O óleo essencial foi extraído por hidrodestilação em aparato de Clevenger e foi analisado por CG/ EM, sendo identificados 25 componentes, com predomínio de monoterpenos. Os extratos foram submetidos a cromatografia clássica, e as frações foram analisadas por CG/EM, 1D 1 H-RMN, 13 C-RMN e 13 C-RMN-DEPT 135. Foram identificados α-amirina, acetato de α-amirina, β-amirina, acetato de β-amirina, lupeol, acetato de lupeol, pseudotaraxasterol e taraxasterol (triterpenos) e o ácido caurenóico (diterpeno). Estes terpenos estão quimiotaxonomicamente relacionados a tribo Eupatorieae (Asteraceae) e podem ser responsáveis pela atividade antiinflamatória atribuída a planta. Palavras-chave:Pseudobrickellia brasiliensis, Asteraceae, planta medicinal, fitoquímica, terpenos.
Pseudobrickellia brasiliensis (Asteraceae) is a plant commonly known as arnica-do-campo and belongs to the native flora of the Brazilian Cerrado. The alcoholic extract of the plant has been used as an anti-inflammatory agent in folk medicine, but the biological mechanism of action has not been elucidated. The present study evaluated the composition of P. brasiliensis aqueous extract and its effects on pro-inflammatory cytokine production and lymphocyte proliferation. The extracts were prepared by sequential maceration of P. brasiliensis leaves in ethanol, ethyl acetate, and water. Extract cytotoxicity was evaluated by trypan blue exclusion assay, and apoptosis and necrosis were measured by staining with annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide. The ethanolic (ETA) and acetate (ACE) extracts showed cytotoxic effects. The aqueous extract (AQU) was not cytotoxic. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate and ionomycin and treated with AQU (100 μg/mL) showed reduced interferon (IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α expression. AQU also inhibited lymphocyte proliferative response after nonspecific stimulation with phytohemagglutinin. The aqueous extract was analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection and mass spectrometry. Quinic acid and its derivatives 5-caffeoylquinic acid and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, as well as the flavonoids luteolin and luteolin dihexoside, were detected. All these compounds are known to exhibit anti-inflammatory activity. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that P. brasiliensis aqueous extract can inhibit the pro-inflammatory cytokine production and proliferative response of lymphocytes. These effects may be related to the presence of chemical substances with anti-inflammatory actions previously reported in scientific literature.
A argila rosa (AR) é um material terroso macio, solto e de grão fino composto por uma mistura de partículas minerais de argila branca e vermelha, tais como hematita vermelha, sendo menos absorvente, mas uma argila muito macia. O principal objetivo foi desenvolver máscaras faciais com AR na faixa de 10 – 50 (% p/p) e caracterizar por pH, densidade relativa, viscosidade aparente e espalhabilidade. AR em pó foi submetida a esterilização por calor seco e autoclavação. Os processos de esterilização foram muito eficientes para reduzir o número de bactérias e fungos para <10 UFC/g e os patógenos E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus e C. albicans estiveram ausentes. Máscaras faciais produzidas com a AR esterilizada produziram pH ácido (4,1 - 4,7) e densidade relativa semelhante (1,06 - 1,43 g/mL). A viscosidade aparente das máscaras faciais mudou com as diferentes velocidades de rotação empregadas, diminuindo de 11.416 ± 115 cP (a 5 rpm) para 6.964 ± 156 cP (a 10 rpm) e 4.016 ± 98 cP (a 20 rpm), para a máscara facial com 30% AR, que é um indicativo do comportamento pseudoplástico. Além disso, a viscosidade das máscaras faciais aumentou à medida que a proporção de argila também aumentou de 10% para 50% (p/p) e, inversamente, a espalhabilidade diminuiu. Apesar disso, a espalhabilidade foi considerada boa, na faixa de 1,55 a 7,73 cm2. Em conjunto, os resultados indicam que a proporção intermediária de 20 ou 30% (p/p) desta AR em máscaras faciais seria mais adequada para o uso cosmético pretendido. Palavras-chave: Cosméticos Funcionais. Geocosméticos. Máscaras de Argila. Pele Facial. Reologia. Abstract Pink clay (PC) is a soft, loose, fine-grained earth material composed by a mixture of particles of white and red clay minerals, such as the red hematite, and is less absorbent but a very soft clay. The main goal was to develop facial masks with PC ranging between 10 - 50 (% w/w) and characterize by pH, relative density, apparent viscosity and spreadability. PC powder was subjected to sterilization by dry heating and autoclaving. Both sterilization processes were very efficient to reduce the number of bacteria and fungi to <10 CFU/g, and the pathogens E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and C. albicans were absent. The face masks produced with the sterilized PC yielded acidic pH (4.1 – 4.7) and similar relative density (1.06 – 1.43 g/mL). The apparent viscosity of the face masks changed with the different rotation speeds employed, decreasing from 11,416 ± 115 cP (at 5 rpm) to 6,964 ± 156 cP (at 10 rpm) and 4,016 ± 98 cP (at 20 rpm), for the 30% PC face mask, which is an indicative of the pseudoplastic behavior. Moreover, the face masks viscosity increased as the clay proportion also increased from 10% to 50% (w/w) and, inversely, spreadability was decreased. Despite that, spreadability was considered good, in the range from 1.55 to 7.73 cm2. Taken together, the results indicate that the intermediate proportion of 20 or 30% (w/w) of this PC in the face masks would be more suitable for the intended cosmetic use. Keywords: Clay Masks. Face Skin. Functional cosmetics. Geocosmetics. Minerals. Rheology.
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