^EBOUT the beginning of the nineteenth century, French paint A. K-manufacturers conceived the idea of using zinc oxide as a paint pigment substituted for white lead which had been the primary white pigment up until that time (34). Their preliminary experiments indicated that the new pigment had satisfactory
THISstory could be told as the chemical equivalent of the "swords into plowshares" theme. Since the end of the shooting war in 1945, Edwal Laboratories in Ringwood, 111,, have been using wartime trinitrotoluene to produce a compound with important uses in photocopying and the dyeing of textiles. Actually, Edwal has been making phloroglucinol since 1934, but the story begins with the discovery of the blueprinting process in the late 1800's. No sooner had the principles of quick and simple photocopying of line drawings been reduced to commercial practice than industrial chemists began to search for a process that would give them a black-on-white reproduction. About 1924 they found the answer in the so-called diazotype printing which produced a positive image of line drawings by developing a lightsensitive diazo compound to a colored complex by the use of a hydroxy compound (20)(21)(22). Phloroglucinol, with its three highly reactive hydroxy groups, was found to give the blackest, most stable, diazo complex and promptly was put to work. DEVELOPMENT OF PHLOROGLUCINOL PRODUCTIONEuropean. Kalle A.-G., a part of I. G. Farbenindustrie, achieved the first commercial production of phloroglucinol to supply a sensitized paper to another I. G. subsidiary, the Ozalid Corporation, for use in their ammonia developing printers, in which both the diazo and the hydroxy compounds are in the paper coating (1). The van der Grinten Company in Holland developed the "moist process" shortly thereafter and also went into the production of phloroglucinol. In their process the lightsensitive diazo-treated paper is developed by a thin aqueous film of phloroglucinol after exposure (10,16,17).Ammonia-developed prints were introduced into this country by the Eugene Dietzgen Company under an agreement with Kalle shortly after their development in Germany. In 1933 the marketing of "Ozalid" papers was taken over by the Ozalid Corporation, financed by Kalle. In 1929 the Charles Bruning Company, in cooperation with van der Grinten, introduced moist process printers into the United States. In the ensuing years, other companies developed and marketed other sensitized papers and direct printing machines. Most of these processes used phloroglucinol, at least in part, as their developing agent. For several years all this developer was made from phloroglucinol produced in Germany or Holland. Although "Ozalid" papers are now manufactured in this country, the coating materials are still imported from Kalle in Germany. Eastman Kodak Company made small quantities of the material, largely for their ora use, in the late twenties. Their production 402
NE of the mwt phenomenal growtb in the record of 0 the American chemical industry is that experienced in the manufactum of synthetic methanol during the pad 20 years. Keyed to that growth, both as muse and eflect, is tbe expansion of formaldehyde pruduction and the advent of tke fordldehyde C y p e plastics. oxidation of methanol to for4)sldehyde ~owunts for almost half of the total production. This pemutuge hss remained relatively wnstgnt throughout the history of methanol production. However, steadily increasjng application of the basic phenolformaldehyde type plaetics has ind the actual tomage of methanol ueed for thia purpose manyfdd during the past two decades. Two thirda of the remdning production now is nsed as automobile antifreeae and this a p p b t i o n ia expected to expand as methanol production capscity catches up with exceea demaud (84).Unlike its UBB in formaldehyde production, the uee of methanol m .uMmobile radiators ia a fairly recent application. Althougb it hss a lower h o i i point than the previously used denatured deoM1, ita lower molecular weight given it lesa partial p m u r e 80 that it does not boil away bs fast as the higher alwhol.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.