Helicobacter pylori is one of the human pathogens with highest prevalence around the world; yet, its principal mode of transmission remains largely unknown. The role of H. pylori in gastric disease and cancer has not been established until the end of the 20th century. Since then, its epidemiology has been extensively studied, and an accruing body of literature suggests that not all humans are equally at risk of infection by this gut pathogen. Here, we briefly review the different epidemiological aspects of H. pylori infection with emphasis on those factors related to human poverty. The epidemiology of H. pylori infection is characterized by marked differences between developing and developed countries, notably among children. In addition, congruent lines of evidence point out to socioeconomic factors and living standards as main determinants of the age-dependent acquisition rate of H. pylori, and consequently its prevalence. These data are alarming in the light of the changing global climate and birth rate, which are expected to change the demography of our planet, putting more children at risk of H. pylori and its complications for years to come.

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Carious exposure of immature first permanent molar is a widespread issue faced in paediatric dentistry. This may be the result of the early eruption of this molar, so parents may think it is replicable to the rest of the deciduous teeth. Preserving pulp vitality is the primary goal in treating those teeth to allow maturation of roots both in length and width. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is considered a perfect dressing material for pulpotomy (both partial and complete) due to its bio computability and sealing property. We present a case that describes treatment and two years follow-up of a symptomatic immature first permanent molar with a deep carious lesion. For treatment, we started with anaesthesia and rubber dam isolation. After that, the carious lesion was removed, and we performed partial pulpotomy, then applied MTA-Angelos on the fresh wound. Moistened cotton then was lightly packed over MTA for 15 minutes to allow initial setting, followed by application of glass ionomer and final restoration with composite. The following day, the tooth was asymptomatic with the patient reporting pain relief. After three months follow-up, the tooth normally responds to thermal test. After 12 months, a periapical radiograph of the tooth showed root maturation, and after 24 months also, the tooth was clinically and radiographically successful. MTA partial pulpotomy should be considered in the treatment of symptomatic young permanent teeth.

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