Orbital and ocular anatomy is quite complex, consisting of several tissues, which can give rise to both benign and malignant tumors, while several primary neoplasms can metastasize to the orbital and ocular space. Early detection, accurate staging and re-staging, efficient monitoring of treat-ment response, non-invasive differentiation between benign and malignant lesions, and accurate planning of external radiation treatment, are of utmost importance for the optimal and individualized management of ophthalmic oncology patients. Addressing these challenges requires the employment of several diagnostic imaging techniques, such as high-definition digital fundus photography, ultrasound imaging, optical coherence tomography, optical coherence tomography (OCT)-angiography, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In recent years, technological advances have enabled the development of hybrid positron emission tomography (PET)/CT and PET/MRI systems, setting new standards in cancer diagnosis and treatment. The capability of simultaneously targeting several cancer-related biochemical procedures using positron emitting-radiopharmaceuticals, while morphologically characterizing lesions by CT or MRI, together with the intrinsic quantitative capabilities of PET-imaging, provide incremental diagnostic information, enabling accurate, highly efficient and personalized treatment strategies. Aim of the current review is to discuss the current applications of hybrid PET/CT and PET/MRI imaging in the management of patients presenting with the most commonly encountered orbital and ocular tumors.
Purpose To estimate the postoperative refractive error when the use of the IOL‐Master is not possible in Cataract Surgery and the calculation of the Intraocular Lens (IOL) is based on the fellow eye measurements. Methods The records of 150 patients who underwent Cataract surgery between September 2015 and September 2016 were reviewed. Performing IOL‐Master measurements was not possible and the calculation of the IOL was based on the IOL‐Master measurements of the fellow eye. Results The refractive error was −0.75 sph with a standard deviation from −1.25 to +0.75. Conclusions IOL calculation can be based on the IOL‐Master measurements of the fellow eye, when measurements of the eye that is about to be operated cannot be performed.
Purpose To study the pathophysiology of the vitreomacular interface disorders (epiretinal membrane, macular hole, vitreomacular traction syndrome). Methods Retrospective review of published articles concerning the above entities. Results Posterior Vitrous Detachement (PVD) variations have been considered to be the initial event leading to vitreomacular interface abnormalities. Depending on the level of PVD (eg schisis, partial or complete), different pathophysiological cataracts may occur involving a number of cells and growth factors at the vitreomacular interface. Conclusions The pathophysiology of the vitreomacular interface includes a sequence of events such as cellular migration, proliferation and modulation of the extracellular matrix. The quality and quantity of the involved cells and growth factors vary between different vitromacular interface disorders.
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