INTRODUCTIONExpert systems (ES) are computer programs designed to simulate the decision-making processes that are typically performed by human experts. To achieve this goal, knowledge from experts has to be captured in order to model the domain theories and the heuristics of an expert in the field. As pointed out by Edwards and Cooley (1993), only the combination of domain theories and expert heuristics can lead to a computational system displaying expert reasoning in a field. This domain dependent knowledge constitutes the so-called knowledge base within the ABSTRACT: This paper reports on the design and development of SPONGIA, an expert system to help in the identification of marine sponges. In this field, taxonomic difficulty is noticeable and systematists are scarce. SPONGIA is directed towards identification at any single taxonomic level starting from the class level. With this feature, the system is not restricted to identify only the species rank and the identification stops at a given taxonomic rank (order, family...) depending on the available data about the sample. The design of SPONGIA takes advantage of an architecture for the construction of expert systems in taxonomic domains. This architecture is based on the MILORD II language for expert systems construction. In this paper, we mainly focus on the conceptualisation and implementation of the sponges domain model which constitutes the main effort in the expert system development. We also refer to the particular classification task and problem-solving method for identification that we have adopted from those provided by the architecture to implement SPONGIA.Key words: Porifera, Systematics, computer-assisted identification, expert systems, knowledge-based systems.RESUMEN: DISEÑO Y DESARROLLO DE SPONGIA, UN SISTEMA EXPERTO PARA IDENTIFICACIÓN DE ESPONJAS. -En este artícu-lo se describe el diseño y desarrollo de SPONGIA, un sistema experto para la ayuda a la identificación de esponjas marinas. En este campo, la dificultad taxonómica es notable y los especialistas son escasos. SPONGIA se dirige a la identificación de cualquier nivel taxonómico empezando por el nivel clase. Con esta característica, el sistema experto no se restringe únicamente a la identificación del nivel taxonómico de especie. Además, la identificación progresa hasta un nivel taxonómico concreto (e.g. orden, familia...) según la información a nuestro alcance sobre la muestra. El diseño de SPON-GIA se ha beneficiado de una arquitectura para la construcción de sistemas expertos en dominios taxonómicos. Esta arquitectura se basa en el lenguaje MILORD II para la construcción de sistemas expertos. Este artículo se centra especialmente en el trabajo de conceptualización y implementación del modelo del dominio de las esponjas, que constituye el principal esfuerzo en el desarrollo de un sistema esperto. También se da cuenta de cómo se describe la tarea de clasificación en el sistema y que método de resolución se ha adoptado de los disponibles en la arquitectura para implementar SPONGIA.Palabra...
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