No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

The incoherent scatter radars at Millstone Hill operated continuously during the periods March 16–23 and April 6–12, 1990, providing observations of large‐scale ionospheric structure and dynamics over a large portion of eastern North America. Major geomagnetic storms occurred during each of these periods, with deep nighttime ionospheric troughs and large magnetospheric convection electric fields observed equatorward of Millstone. The Millstone observations provide a comprehensive data set detailing storm‐induced ionospheric effects over a 35° span of latitude during both of these intervals. At the latitude of Millstone the ionospheric peak height hmF2 rose above 600 km in the trough on March 22 and 23 and reached ≈500 km at night on April 11 and 12. Increased recombination, apparently due to the strong electric fields, the temperature dependent recombination rate coefficient, and neutral composition changes, greatly depleted the F2 region over a wide latitude range during the day on April 10, 1990. This resulted in an ionosphere dominated by molecular ions, with ionospheric peak heights below 200 km on this day. A number of frictional heating events during the disturbed periods are seen from comparison of ion temperature and velocity measurements. The most intense event took place near 1200 UT (≈0715 LMT) on April 10, 1990, when Kp reached 8. At 0110 UT on March 21, line of sight ion velocities in excess of 500 m s−1 were observed at the extreme southern limit of the Millstone steerable radar's field of view (40° apex magnetic latitude at an altitude of 700 km). These could be due to penetration of magnetospheric electric fields or electric fields associated with ring current shielding in the storm‐time outer plasmasphere. About an hour later, ion outflow was observed just equatorward of Millstone. This is most likely due to heating from a latitudinally confined region of intense westward convection. Neutral meridional winds above Millstone were obtained by three different techniques employing radar and Fabry‐Perot measurements. The latitude variation of the winds was also estimated from radar measurements of hmF2 and electric fields using the servo model method. Strong equatorward nighttime neutral wind surges were found during both the March and April disturbances, which reached the equatorward limit of the observations at F peak heights.