Excellent results can be achieved by plating fractures of the shaft of the humerus in patients with multiple injuries. This helps in nursing care and in the management of other injuries. In 38 patients admitted to a regional trauma centre, 39 humeral shaft fractures were plated. There were 27 men and 11 women, with an average age of 31.5 years. Fourteen of the humeral fractures were compound and 20 had significant comminution; 23 were fixed by a plate on the day of admission and all 39 by the twentieth day. Follow-up of 34 fractures showed that all had united, 33 primarily. All patients but one had a fully functional shoulder and no patient with a fractured humerus alone had lost any elbow movement. Complications were rare--one case each of non-union, fixation failure and infection. No permanent nerve injuries were produced at operation. The plating of fractures of the humerus in these circumstances has been shown to produce excellent results and has a place in the management of the patient with multiple injuries.
We report the ulnar impingement syndrome, which is caused by a shortened ulna impinging on the distal radius and causing a painful, disabling pseudarthrosis.
For athletic fields used for soccer (association football), important components of playing quality include: ball rebound resilience, rolling resistance, traction (i.e., grip), and hardness. Other criteria related to, but not direct measures of, playing quality include surface evenness, grass cover, and water infiltration rate.
Standards of playing quality were developed on the basis of comparisons between players' perceptions of surfaces and the results of objective tests taken on the fields within 2 h of matches. Questionnaires were collected from 444 football players at 20 different fields. The fields were tested in the same locations within each field at six 5 by 5-m plots.
The results were used to formulate standards in the form of “preferred” and “acceptable” limits for each component of playing quality. The apparatus, test methods, and proposed standards for association football fields are described.
Changes in pasture nutrients over the growing season are typically not monitored but doing so may help farmers improve how effectively they utilize forage. The aim of this research was to assess the use of real-time near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for monitoring seasonal changes in nutrient concentrations of different pasture types used for grazing and silage production. Three permanent pastures and three temporary ley pastures (3 years old) grazed by cattle or sheep and/or used for silage production were monitored weekly for 20 weeks from April to August 2017 in the UK. Five pasture samples per field were obtained per week for NIRS analysis and estimation of fresh and dry matter herbage cover (both kg per hectare). Herbage height was also measured each week. Permanent pastures included a diverse range of native UK grass species, and temporary ley pastures were predominantly perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) with either white (Trifolium repens) or red clover (Trifolium pretense). Effects of pasture type (permanent or temporary), phase of production (grazed or rested for regrowth) and month of year (April to August) on pasture nutrients [dry matter, crude protein, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), water soluble carbohydrate (WSC), ash, digestible organic matter (DOMD), and dry matter digestibility (DMD)] were assessed by fitting a linear mixed model. Considerable variation was observed in pasture production and in the concentrations of dry matter, crude protein and WSC in pastures. This study suggests that grazing pastures to a mean height of below 7 cm results in a significantly reduced concentration of crude protein, DOMD, and DMD, which may be detrimental to the grass intake and protein intake of the grazing animal. The DOMD and DMD of pasture were positively correlated with herbage height and herbage cover crude protein concentration. An approach of real-time nutrient monitoring will facilitate more timely adaptive pasture management than currently feasible for farmers. This should lead to productivity gain.
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