The prevalence of stunting in young Indonesian children is the highest among countries belonging to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Breastfed children are reported to grow better than non-breastfed. The present study examined the protective effect of exclusive breastfeeding against stunting in children under two years old (CU2) and its interaction with monthly household expenditure. Secondary analyses were conducted based on a 2012 cross-sectional study including 408 children aged 6–24 months and their caregivers from 14 villages in rural Eastern Indonesia. Data on breastfeeding history, childcare, and household expenditures were collected using structured questionnaires. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were conducted in each village (n = 14). Nearly two-thirds (61%) of caregivers who identified as the biological mother exclusively breastfed their child at 6 months. Exclusively-breastfed CU2 from poorer households were 20% less likely to be stunted than their non-exclusively-breastfed peers. Further, exclusively-breastfed CU2 from wealthier households were 50% less likely to be stunted than non-exclusively-breastfed CU2 from poorer households. FGDs revealed that some mothers were unaware of the importance of recommended breastfeeding practices. Exclusive breastfeeding may protect low-income children against stunting. Health promotion to improve caregiver motivation to exclusively breastfeed is critical in the present setting and beyond.
Background Older persons living with diabetes have an obligation to change their daily lifestyle, which may contribute to diabetes distress. Furthermore, predictive factors of diabetes distress in older persons might be different from other age groups due to age-related factors. Aims The purpose of the study was to examine the predictive factors of diabetes distress in older persons diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Indonesia. Methods A cross-sectional design was used in this study. Participants were recruited from an outpatient department of a tertiary hospital in Klaten City, Central Java, Indonesia. Data were analysed using multiple linear regression with a stepwise method. Results A total 198 older persons were included in the study. The study demonstrated self-efficacy (β = −0.298, P < 0.01), spirituality (β = −0.139, P < 0.05), blood glucose (β = 0.134, P < 0.05), and non-supportive family behaviour (β = 0.135, P < 0.05) as the variables that could statistically predict diabetes distress in older persons with T2DM. Conclusions Self-efficacy is the strongest predictor of diabetes distress. Moreover, the findings can be used as evidence to guide identification and future management of diabetes distress among older persons with T2DM.
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