This paper presents a reassessment of the archaeological record at Leang Burung 2, a key early human occupation site in the Late Pleistocene of Southeast Asia. Excavated originally by Ian Glover in 1975, this limestone rock-shelter in the Maros karsts of Sulawesi, Indonesia, has long held significance in our understanding of early human dispersals into ‘Wallacea’, the vast zone of oceanic islands between continental Asia and Australia. We present new stratigraphic information and dating evidence from Leang Burung 2 collected during the course of our excavations at this site in 2007 and 2011–13. Our findings suggest that the classic Late Pleistocene modern human occupation sequence identified previously at Leang Burung 2, and proposed to span around 31,000 to 19,000 conventional 14C years BP (~35–24 ka cal BP), may actually represent an amalgam of reworked archaeological materials. Sources for cultural materials of mixed ages comprise breccias from the rear wall of the rock-shelter–remnants of older, eroded deposits dated to 35–23 ka cal BP–and cultural remains of early Holocene antiquity. Below the upper levels affected by the mass loss of Late Pleistocene deposits, our deep-trench excavations uncovered evidence for an earlier hominin presence at the site. These findings include fossils of now-extinct proboscideans and other ‘megafauna’ in stratified context, as well as a cobble-based stone artifact technology comparable to that produced by late Middle Pleistocene hominins elsewhere on Sulawesi.
The Preneolithic Stone Artefact of Leang Jarie Site: The Oldest Evidence of Maros Point Technology in the Toalean Culture Region, South Sulawesi. Maros Point is one type of flake tool that shows characteristics of the techno-complex Toalean from South Sulawesi. Early emergence of the Toalean Culture phase is still debated, but most experts agree that this tool only appeared no more than 4000 years ago and is positioned include with pottery or Neolithic period. The Maros Point is considered to be made by the early occupants of Sulawesi after the arrival and contact with Austronesian speakers migration in South Sulawesi. The problem is that the results of the latest research are contrary to previous opinions. This paper aims to show new evidence of excavation at the Leang Jarie Site, as the oldest Maros Point technology ca. 8,000 years ago in the Toalean Cultural Region. Maros Point is made simpler with the support flake without using reduction pattern of flake-blade technology. Flakes with an asymmetrical shape can also be utilized as long as it have a pointed and thin tip. The "backed" retouched technique is also used to maximize flakes with steep sharp edges. Thus, the phase of Toalean Culture compiled by previous studies needs to be reviewed and the presence of Maros Points can no longer be used as a marker of the youngest phase. Maros Point is produced from the early holocene or Preneolithic Period and has possibility its continuation until Neolithic period.Maros Point adalah salah satu tipe alat serpih yang menunjukkan karakteristik teknokompleks budaya Toalean dari Sulawesi Selatan. Awal munculnya masih diperdebatkan. Namun, sebagian besar ahli sepakat bahwa alat ini baru muncul tidak lebih dari 4.000 tahun yang lalu dan diposisikan sekonteks dengan tembikar atau masa neolitik. Maros Point dianggap dibuat oleh penghuni awal Sulawesi setelah kedatangan dan kontak dengan migrasi penutur Austronesia di Sulawesi Selatan. Permasalahannya adalah hasil penelitian terbaru justru bertentangan dengan pendapat sebelumnya. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menunjukkan bukti baru dari penggalian di situs Leang Jarie, sebagai teknologi Maros Point paling tua berumur ca. 8.000 tahun lalu di kawasan budaya Toalean. Maros Point dari masa preneolitik dibuat lebih sederhana dengan dukungan serpih tanpa harus menggunakan pola penyerpihan teknologi serpih bilah. Serpih dengan bentuk yang tidak simetris pun dapat dimanfaatkan selama memiliki ujung runcing dan tipis. Teknik peretusan “dipunggungkan” juga digunakan untuk memaksimal serpih dengan tepian tajaman yang terjal. Dengan demikian, fase budaya Toalean yang disusun oleh penelitian sebelumnya perlu ditinjau ulang dan kehadiran Maros Point tidak bisa lagi dijadikan sebagai penanda fase paling muda. Maros Point diproduksi dari awal holosen atau preneolitik dan mungkin terus berlanjut hingga masa neolitik.
Ereke is one of regions in the north of Buton Island which grew in the authorization of Muna Palace.Under the threat of pirates and the greatness of Waolio Castle (Buton) and Muna, they built their government in a fortress (intra-murros). It was divided into some units with “kalisusu” as physical symbol of residential centre, and it became their identity. This paper will reveal the archaeological trackin historical landscape. To describe some aspects of community civilization in the history of Ereke archaeological site. At least since XV until XIX centuries. The purpose is to give initial information which can be developed in the broader and deeper research in the future. There was one significant thing found using archaeological survey, although cultural acculturation and assimilation occurred transparently, but the substantive element of local culture can hold up as the identity by adapting the external influence, such as defence system, fortress, armament, import goods, and religious order of the society. ABSTRAKEreke merupakan kawasan di sisi utara pulau Buton yang tumbuh dalam pengaruh penguasa keraton Muna. Di bawah ancaman bajak laut dan bayang-bayang kebesaran keraton Wolio (Buton) dan Muna, mereka membangun pemerintahan dalam benteng (intra-murros). Ruang benteng terbagi dalam beberapa unit, dengan “Kalisusu” sebagai simbol pusat permukiman, sekaligus menjadi identitas yang merekatkan. Tulisan ini akan mengungkapkan jejak arkeologis dalam bentang sejarah (historical landscape) untuk menggambarkan beberapa aspek peradaban komunitas di situs Ereke masa sejarah, sekurang-kurangnya sejak abad XV hingga XIX. Tujuannya, untuk memberikan informasi awal yang dapat dikembangkan dalam penelitian yang lebih luas dan mendalam di masa akan datang. Ada satu hal yang penting ditemukan dengan survei arkeologis, bahwa meskipun akulturasi dan assimilasi budaya berlangsung terbuka, namun unsur subtantif budaya lokal mampu bertahan sebagai identitas dengan tetap mengadaptasi anasir luar, seperti sistem pertahanan (benteng), persenjataan, barang impor, dan tatanan keagamaan.
“The beginning of Wajo's establishment began with the migration of people from various places to open rice fields and build settlements to the east of Lake Tempe. The settlements were then transformed into political units which formed a 'state' under the rule of a nobleman based in Cinnotabi. Several political agreements underlie the formation of a confederation of three domains. Regime change resulted in the transfer of the center of government. Lontara Wajo and the oral tradition mention some toponyms but do not explain in detail where the core of the Wajo confederation lies. This research is aimed at determining the location and character of the toponym by conducting field surveys in places that are suspected of being associated with the existence of the pre-Islamic capital of Wajo. Using an archaeological approach and supported by information from textual sources. Surveys in the villages of Tosora, Cinnongtabi and Tajo in Majauleng District have identified the existence of the old capitals around Wajo-wajo, Boli, Leppadeppa, Attunuang, and other sites based on archeological traces such as menhirs, burned bone fragments, pottery and ceramics shards and other artifacts. Identification of imported ceramic fragments from China, Thailand, Vietnam, these sites might be dated between the 14th and 17th centuries. Taking into account the concentration of artefacts and relations between sites, it can be concluded that Tosora was the capital from the end of the 16th century and until the arrival of Islam at the beginning of the 17th century, while the capital of the early period of Wajo hypothetically was dated between the beginning of the 15th century and the end of the 16th century was around the confluence of Wajo-wajoe river which flows into Latamperu and Penrange lake which then empties into Cellue river before ending at the Cenrana mainstream”
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