Biodiesel, a promising type of biofuel, can be produced from various types of renewable feedstocks, ranging from animal fats to plant oil. It is mainly made up of fatty acid alkyl ester compounds due to the transesterification reaction. This work aims to synthesize and characterize biodiesel, known as fatty acid methyl esters, from canola oil using an enzymatic reaction involving immobilized Novozym 435 and Rhizomucor miehei (RM IM) lipase enzymes.4 g of canola oil was added to the reaction mixture consisting of 0.2 g immobilized lipase and 3:1 methanol to oil ratio. First, the enzymatic methanolysis reaction was conducted at the temperature of 35°C and at agitation rate of 216 rpm for 24 hours. Next, the synthesized biodiesel was characterized using the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC/MS) analysis. Based on the analysis results, the main fatty acid methyl esters present in both products were hexadecanoic acid, 9-octadecenoic acid (z)-, 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, (z, z, z)-, and 11,14-eicosadienoic acid. The transesterification of canola oil using both enzymes consistently revealed methyl oleate as the methyl ester with the highest composition, ranging from 67 to 71 %. In conclusion, canola oil was successfully converted into fatty acid methyl ester via the enzymatic transesterification process in this study.
The application of enzymes as biocatalyst is well recognized in the field of green engineering. Due to their outstanding properties such as inconsumable in chemical reaction, highly specific in action, and speeding up the reaction rate, they are widely used in the conversion of various renewable sources into biofuel. Biofuel, in recent years, had shown such great potential in becoming the alternative for the petrol-derived fuel since it is generated from biomass origins. Researchers currently had introduced few enzyme modifications such as gene editing and supercritical fluid extraction techniques in order to maximize their catalytic performances. However, all of those methods are more tedious and still lack in maintaining the regenerative ability of the enzymes as well as their stabilities. Hence, the technique of enzyme immobilization is currently applied in the biofuel production in improving the enzymes’ performances by providing extra physical support known as backbone to the enzyme to speed up the reaction. Thus, this review aims to provide better insight on the current immobilization technology as well as the enzyme immobilization itself in biofuel generation. Different types of biofuel produced in the industry is also reviewed. The working principles, mechanisms, characteristics, and advantages of the enzyme immobilization technique is also conferred. Besides, comparisons between mobilized, extracellular immobilized and intracellular immobilization will also be reviewed along with the types of matrices used in the adsorption immobilization methods. Lastly, some issues regarding this technique are also highlighted in improving the enzyme performance itself.
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