The aim of this paper is to study the behavior of an earth fill dam, analyzing the deformations determined by high precision geodetic techniques and those obtained by the Finite Element Method (FEM). A large number of control points were established around the area of the dam, and the measurements of their displacements took place during several periods. In this study, high-precision leveling and GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) techniques were used to monitor vertical and horizontal displacements respectively. Seven surveys were carried out: February and July 2008, March and July 2013, August 2014, September 2015 and September 2016. Deformations were predicted, taking into account the general characteristics of an earth fill dam. A comparative evaluation of the results derived from predicted (FEM) and observed deformations shows the differences on average being 20 cm for vertical displacements, and 6 cm for horizontal displacements at the crest. These differences are probably due to the simplifications assumed during the FEM modeling process: critical sections are considered homogeneous along their longitude, and the properties of the materials were established according to the general characteristics of an earth fill dam. These characteristics were taken from the normative and similar studies in the country. This could also be due to the geodetic control points being anchored in the superficial layer of the slope when the construction of the dam was finished.
An optimal resource management in health care centers implies the use of an appropriate timetabling scheme to schedule appointments. Timetables of health centers are usually divided into time slots whose duration is equal to time required for clinical attendance. However doctors perform a series of tasks that are not always clinical in nature: issuing prescriptions or prescribing sick leave certificates. In this sense the time spent in attending a clinical or an administrative matter is different. This last required less time to attend the patient. This study is focused in the administrative task. A predictive model is generated to provide daily information on how many patients will go to the health center for an administrative issue. The accuracy of the model is less than 4,6 % absolute error and the improvement in scheduling appointments is a time saving of 21,73 %.
Precision agriculture has progressed in integrating different techniques, but nowadays the environmental and economic benefits of implementing the concept remain unproven. This is the first study that analyzes the agronomic and economic impact of the application of precision agriculture to a specific crop. This paper presents a study applied to olive orchards at a high level of detail. The research is conducted in order to establish a methodology for integrating Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Global Positioning System (GPS) to implement precision agriculture in a specific olive grove in southern Spain. In this study the variability of five consecutive harvests, the homogeneous areas within the farm and the composition of the crop nutrients are all analysed. Different georeferenced management areas, analysis of cost of tillage, fertilization, herbicide treatments, pruning and harvesting are integrated into a GIS. In this study it has been possible to select a zone in the exploitation knowing immediately, for example, if the leaf N content was less than 1.5% in any campaign. The results show that detailed analyses in collecting the harvest and in the use of agrochemicals help to produce reductions in their use, with the consequent savings to olive growers and, in general, environmental benefits for the whole of society.Additional key words: GIS; GPS; olive farming; precision agriculture. ResumenTécnicas de precisión para mejorar el manejo de los olivares en el sur de España La agricultura de precisión ha avanzado en la integración de diferentes técnicas, pero en la actualidad los beneficios ambientales y económicos de aplicación no se han probado. Este es el primer trabajo que analiza el impacto agronó-mico y económico de la aplicación de la agricultura de precisión a un cultivo específico. Este trabajo presenta un estudio aplicado a un olivar con un alto nivel de detalle. La investigación se lleva a cabo con el fin de establecer una metodología para la integración de Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) y Sistema de Posicionamiento Global (GPS) para implementar la agricultura de precisión en un sitio específico del olivar en el sur de España. En este trabajo se han analizado la variabilidad de las cinco cosechas consecutivas, las áreas homogéneas dentro de la finca y la composición de los nutrientes de los cultivos, y se han integrado en un SIG las áreas georreferenciadas de manejo diferencial y el análisis de costo de la labranza, fertilización, tratamientos herbicidas, la poda y cosecha. Como resultado ha sido posible seleccionar una zona en la explotación y conocer inmediatamente, por ejemplo, si el contenido de N de la hoja era inferior a 1,5% en cualquier campaña. Los análisis de detalle en la recolección y en el uso de agroquí-micos ayudan a producir reducciones en el uso de los mismos, con el consiguiente ahorro a los productores aceite de oliva y, en general, los beneficios ambientales para el conjunto de la sociedad.Palabras clave adicionales: agricultura del olivar; agricultura de ...
The Campo de Dalias is an area with relevant seismicity associated to the active tectonic deformations of the southern boundary of the Betic Cordillera. A non-permanent GPS network was installed to monitor, for the first time, the fault- and fold-related activity. In addition, two high precision levelling profiles were measured twice over a one-year period across the Balanegra Fault, one of the most active faults recognized in the area. The absence of significant movement of the main fault surface suggests seismogenic behaviour. The possible recurrence interval may be between 100 and 300 y. The repetitive GPS and high precision levelling monitoring of the fault surface during a long time period may help us to determine future fault behaviour with regard to the existence (or not) of a creep component, the accumulation of elastic deformation before faulting, and implications of the fold-fault relationship.
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