The problem of providing the population of Ukraine with food is of strategic importance and is gaining more and more relevance. The main condition for the further development of the country's livestock industry is the creation of a strong fodder base and the improvement of the nutritional quality of all types of farm animals. In this regard, the issue of anticipatory provision of animal husbandry needs with high-quality, protein-balanced, cheap feed is of particular importance.In the conditions of global climate change, the productivity of traditional local types of forage crops is becoming increasingly unstable over the years, there is a need to involve in field forage production highly adaptive both traditional and rare and new types of perennial and annual forage crops, to create effective models of winter, early and late spring and post-harvest annual agrophytocenoses.
Research was conducted with traditional and rare and new species of perennial grasses and annual forage crops. The soil of the experimental site is ordinary low-humus heavy loamy chernozem. The sown area of the plots was 80–152 m2, the accounting plots – from 50–60 to 90–139 m2, repetition three to four times.
The results of 25 years of research on reducing the protein deficiency in green fodder when growing perennial grasses and annual crops for field fodder production, obtained at the Erastivka Research Station of the Institute of Grain Crops in the conditions of insufficient moisture in the Northern Steppe of Ukraine, are given. The directions of intensification of field fodder production on the basis of effective use of arable land, creation of various annual agrophytocenoses of different periods of use and increase of their productivity with the application of a set of agrotechnological measures aimed at increasing the production of green fodder and improving their quality, rational use of the growing season and bioclimatic potential in the Northern Steppe are determined. of Ukraine
The regularities of the growth and development of annual fodder crops in winter, spring and post-autumn sowings, the peculiarities of the formation of agrophytocenoses adapted to the soil and ecological conditions of the region and their fodder productivity depending on technological methods, first of all, the selection of the species composition, the optimization of the terms and methods of sowing, the norms of sowing components have been established in mixtures and mineral fertilizer.
The influence of foliar top dressings on the background of mineral fertilizers N30P30K30 and N60P45K45 on the leaf surface area, grain yielding capacity and economic indices for the griowing of maize hybrids after sunflower was studied. It is found that against the background of fertilizer N60P45K45 compared to N30P30K30 leaf area of one plant was greater by 7.0 %. Under the influence of foliar top dressing, this indicator increased by 7.7–25.6 %. The middle-early ripening hybrid had advantage in terms of leaf surface area. The yielding capacity of maize on the background of mineral fertilizers N30P30K30 was 4.76 t/ha, on the background of N60P45K45 – 5.20 t/ha. In the case of foliar top dressing with Carbamide at a dose of 10 kg/ha, grain yielding capacity increased compared to the control (without dressing) by 0.20 t/ha, at the dose of 20 kg/ha – by 0.24 t/ha. The addition of Zinc chelate, 1.5 l/ha, to 10 kg/ha of Carbamide, provided an increase in grain yielding capacity compared to the control by 0.30 t/ha, and up to 20 kg/ha of with Carbamide of Quantum-corn, 3.0 l/ha – by 0.34 t/ha. In the case of two foliar top dressings: with Carbamide and Zinc chelate in the phase of 5–6 leaves, Carbamide and the preparation of Quantum-corn in the phase of 8–9 leaves, the grain yielding capacity was higher than in the control by 0.41 t/ha. According to this indicator, the middle-early ripening hybrid DB Khotyn exceeded the early-ripening hybrid DN Pyvykha by 0.50 t/ha. The cost figures of 1 ton of grain was lower for growing middle-early hybrid with a single spraying of crops with Сarbamide or Carbamide with the addition of microelements on the background of fertilizer N30P30K30 (2159–2259 UAH) and slightly higher (2212–2301 UAH) – on the background of N60P45K45 medium-early hybrid on the background of N60P45K45. The conditional net income with a single spraying of Carbamide (10214–10327 UAH/ha) and slightly less (10095–10164 UAH/ha) – Carbamide with the addition of Zinc chelate or Quantum corn. The level of profitability was highest (89.9 %) at growing of medium-early hybrid on the background of N30P30K30 and spraying crops with Carbamide, 10 kg/ha (5 % solution). Key words: maize, fertilizer, foliar top dressing, hybrids, yielding capacity, economic efficiency.
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