This paper presents an automated non-intrusive control system for monitoring the water level of domestic overhead and underground reservoir tank base on the property of wave reflection. The system consists of two HC-SR04 Ultrasonic transceivers that generate ultrasonic pulses and determines the depth of the water surface based on the total Time of Flight (TOF) of the reflected wave. An ATMEGA328 microcontroller was programmed to read the sensors, control the water level and display the corresponding volume of the water on a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD). The experimental result proves the system stability both at turbulence and laminar flows. The proposed approach can be extended to monitor and control the volume and level of other valuable fluids such as diesel, kerosene etc.; as well as hazardous chemical where human interventions may be treacherous.
Directly observed treatment Short course regimen has been know to be efficacious in the chemotherapy management of tuberculosis. However, co- infection with other opportunistic bacteria could limit this success to the level of clinical suspecting the emergence of false positive multidrugs resistant TB among the patients which in many cases can lead to establishment of erroneous treatment schedule. Accordingly this facility based surveillance monitors co-infection with other bacteria in TB patients attending Dots clinic at IDH Kano, Nigeria with view to ascertaining the drug susceptibility so as to proffer better chemotherapy strategies. A total 35 non - duplicated positive AFB sputum sample collected from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis on Dots where processed according to standard bacteriological procedures including macroscopic, culture and microscopic examination using both AFB gram staining and culture methods for screening and isolation of other bacterial pathogens. These were confirmed biochemically. Overall 54.3% of the patients were Still AFB positive, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus species we’re predominat in up to 84.2% and 15.8% of the patients respectively. This study indicated secondary bacterial pathogenesis with pulmonary symptoms resembling TB among the patients including those that were even isolated for being refrectory to Dots an false positive conclusion of drug resistant TB. However, ofloxacin and ceftriaxone which show appreciable potencies against secondary bacterial pathogens identified where used to treat successfully, patients claimed posses drug resistant TB. It’s imperative that, success of Dots therapy could be improved by augumentin with very potent non TB antibacterial such as Streptococcus pneumoniae regimen. Keys. TB.
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