The study aimed to investigate the effect of milk thistle, methiphene, and silimevit on the liver's protein-synthesizing function of laying hens in examination chronic cadmium toxicosis. Thirty-two chickens, 78 weeks old, were selected for the study. Four groups were formed: control and three experimental. Birds of the experimental group (E1) with fodder were fed the fruits of milk thistle at a dose of 2.0 g/kg of feed once a day for 30 days. Chickens of the experimental group (E2) were fed metifen at a dose of 0.28 g / kg of nutrition once a day for 30 days. Hens of the experimental group (E3) were fed silymevit at a dose of 0.36 g/kg of feed nutrition once a day for 30 days. The results showed that the total protein content and its plasma fractions of birds vary throughout the research in poultry control and experimental groups. Thus, in the blood of laying hens subjected to cadmium loading, a decrease in their blood of total protein and albumin fraction was found. Under the cadmium toxicosis of chickens, milk thistle, metifen, and silimevit positively affect the liver's protein-synthesizing function, as indicated by an increase in the total protein level and albumin. Feeding with milk thistle and silymevit contributed to a better normalizing effect on the liver's protein-synthesizing function than the use of metifen.
Ukrainian Red- and Black-and-White dairy breeds, which are the most common in the region, as well as each biological system, are in constant variability and need constant scientifically-based support and improvement not only in general milk productivity, but also in such specific features as duration of economic use and reproducibility. A systematic approach in the optimization of breeding programs and the search for optimal crossbreeding options in populations of domestic dairy breeds is a little-studied and relevant area of research. The aim of the research is to study the peculiarities of the formation of the exterior of the first-born cows obtained from bulls of the Montbeliard, Norwegian Red and Holstein breeds. Materials and methods of research. The research was conducted in 2019–2020 on the basis of 4 breeding farms of Cherkasy region. 120 heads of first-born cows of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breeds, 201 heads of Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breeds, 80 heads of first-generation Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breeds and Montbeliards, 96 heads of first-generation Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breeds and Norwegian Black-and-White cows were taken into account. Comparative evaluation of animals on productive traits, exterior type was carried out within breeding herds, taking into account the structure of the genotype of animals. The study of morphological and physiological features of the udder of cows was carried out by determining the shape and size by taking measurements at 2–3 months of lactation for 1 hour. 30 min before milking. The functional properties of the udder were studied by the intensity of milk production (kg/min.) during the control milking. The milk yield was determined by the formula proposed by N. P. Pogribna and others. The growth intensity of repair heifers and the index of decline in growth energy were determined by the methods of Yu. K. Svechin, L. I. Dunaev, V. P. Kovalenko. Biometric processing of experimental data – statistical, correlation and analysis of variance were performed according to the methods of N. A. Plokhinsky and E. K. Mercury on a computer type IBM PC/AT. Research results. At the age of six months among local heifers obtained from breeders of the Montbeliard Breed received a live weight of more than 200 kg (when using Holstein Breeders for reproduction, the weight of heifers at 6 months was 174.4–182.1 kg), at the age of over 380 kg (383.5–384.8 kg), in 15 months over 440 kg (442.9–449.9 kg). From birth to 6 months of age, heifers of the Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed obtained from Holstein Breeders had a higher live weight compared to crossbreeds obtained from bulls of the Norwegian Breed. After 6 months of age, local heifers outnumbered their peers in terms of live weight with an unlikely difference. The first-born cows of the Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breed had high growth rates with well-developed breasts in depth, width and girth: height at withers and buttocks, respectively 133.7 ± 0.96 cm and 136.1 ± 1.05 cm with well-developed chest depth (72.9 ± 1.17 cm), width 42.6 ± 2.18 cm) and girth 193.0 ± 1.54 cm), with a wide back in the macula 51.6 ± 3.77 sm and in the buttocks 35.2 ± 1.09 sm. Body measurements of local first-borns of genotype 1/2URW1/2M – only 80 heads: height at withers 124.7 ± 3.71 cm (below first-borns obtained from Holstein bulls by 9.0 sm (P > 0.95) URW); in the buttocks 127.9 ± 2.19 sm (8.2 sm below the firstborn URW breed) (P > 0.99), oblique body length 158.3 ± 13.82 cm (4.6 cm below the firstborn URW breed)). However, they outnumbered the first-borns obtained from Holstein bulls by measuring the depth of the breast 75.3 ± 3.11 cm (2.4 cm), breast width from 47.7 ± 2.40 cm (5.1 sm), chest circumference 205.0 ± 4 10 sm (12 sm (P > 0.99)), width of the buttocks in the macula and buttocks (6.1–3.1 sm (P > 0.95)). The first-born cows of the Ukrainian Black- and-White dairy breed obtained from Holstein breeders had a height at the withers and buttocks of 130.9 ± 1.22 cm and 137.2 ± 0.86 cm, respectively, with well-developed breasts in depth and girth. Local first-borns obtained from the selection of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy cows of Norwegian Black-and-White breeders had no significant difference in basic body measurements with those of the same age as those obtained from Holstein breeders. Regardless of genotype and breed, the udder of first-born cows is large in volume (in girth – 128.6 ± 3.14 and 148.7 ± 2.66 sm, length – 35.1 ± 1.23 and 40.3 ± 1.55 sm and a width of 29.5 ± 3.26 and 33.8 ± 4.36 sm.) With proportionally developed parts of the udder, bath- or cup-shaped, firmly attached to the abdominal wall with cylindrical teats. Duration of milking 10.1 ± 0.167 – 12.2 ± 0.157 minutes, milk production rate 1.90 ± 0.01 – 2.50 ± 0.07 kg/min. It was found that with increasing daily milk yield, the intensity of milk production also increased: correlation coefficients (r = 0.439–0.577) have a high reliability (td = 3.97–7.58). The value of the udder index among the studied breeds and genotypes was different and ranged from 43.4 ± 0.06% to 45.2 ± 0.02%. Conclusions. The crossing of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy cows with Norwegian Black-and-White breeders did not have a significant effect on the exterior type of repair heifers under 12 months of age. Crossbreeding with the Montbeliard breed made it possible to obtain heifers that were inferior in growth, but had a developed, three-dimensional body, chest and pelvis. The use of genetic material of the Montbeliard and Norwegian Black-and-White breeds has contributed to the formation of cows of the desired exterior type with good udder characteristics that meet modern requirements of machine mil.
To study the effect of the genotype of the parents and of parameters of microclimate on the productivity of dairy cattle. Methods. Analysis of experimental studies on the application of effective methods of selection, the study of the environment, assessment of productive qualities of animals for growing in various types of buildings. Results. The formation of the genetic potential of dairy breeds was made according to the breeding value of pedigree bulls. The share of influence of the bull based on «hope» is 16.4-34.5%, and on the fat content in the milk-15.3-20.1% (P<0.001). One of the many factors influencing the productivity of agricultural animals is the parameter of the microclimate in the building where they are kept. In the cold period of the year the most problematic in terms of comfort there are periods of prolonged cold. In loose housing of cows, the decrease of milk yield because of frosts reached 1.5 kg per day. The strength of the influence of the temperature and the velocity of the air in the general phenotypical variability in the level of milk yield and yield of milk fat over the lactation into account respectively made 33.6 (P<0.001), 29.4 (P<0.05), 35.3 (P<0.001), and 28.3% (P<0.05) respectively. It is established that to improve the profitability of livestock breeding the microclimate in the building requires significant improvements in the winter-summer period of the year at the natural ventilation system. Conclusions. Quantitative and qualitative indicators of milk productivity of cows of native breeds are determined by breeding value and linear membership of bulls, used for the reproduction of breeding stock. A favorable climate should be considered as an important factor of the realization of genetic potentialities of dairy cattle at pure breeding.
The aim of the research was to conduct an economic assessment of the use of industrial crossbreeding in the pig industry. The study was carried out in LLC "Mayak-Agro" (Ukraine) and in the laboratories of the Cherkasy National University named after Bohdan Khmelnitsky and the Cherkasy Experimental Station of Bioresources of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Ukrainian breeds of pigs were used: (Ukrainian BigWhite-1 (UBW-1), Red White-Belt (RWB) and Duroc of the Ukrainian selection "Steppe" (DUSS)). Breeds of English origin: (Big White (EBW), Landrace (L), Pietrain (P)). Crossbreeds, obtained by crossing the breeds, mentioned above. A comprehensive assessment of the reproductive capacity of a sow was carried out taking into account multiple births, the number of piglets at one month of age and the average daily gain during this period. Growth and development were monitored in terms of changes in live weight by individual weighing at birth and every month to a live weight of 100 and 120 kg. Regardless of maternal form, in the groups where boars of the breeds Red White-Belt and Pietrain were used, higher indicators of comprehensive assessment of reproductive capacity were obtained. The best fattening qualities characterized piglets, obtained from a combination of sows (1/2UBW-1+1/2L) with boars of the Pietrain breed (P). In comparison with other variants of crosses, in this group the animals reached a live weight of 100 kg 7.6 days earlier. Their feed costs per 1 kg of live weight gain were 3.33 feed units, which corresponds to the expected figure of 3.34 feed units when fattening up to 100 kg in 170 days. In terms of industrial pork production, breeding of animals of the group (1/4UBW-1+1/4L+1/2P) was more profitable, in which the highest level of profitability was obtained - 22.3 % for fattening up to 100 kg and 12.5 % for fattening up to 120 kg. Cultivation of three-breed hybrids to a live weight of over 100 kg led to a decrease in profitability among all research groups. The use of the genotype 1/4UBW-1+1/4L+1/2P in industrial production makes it possible to obtain animals of various weight conditions without significant additional costs and profitability level reduction. In the course of the research, it was found, that the best option for three-breed crossing is the use of boars of the Pietrain and Red White-Belt breeds. The use of boars of these breeds is ideal for producers looking for bacon pork. The use of boars of the Duroc breed of the Ukrainian selection "Steppe" (DUSS) makes it possible to obtain fatty pork with the possibility of fattening to different weight categories.
The authors have argued that doctor of agricultural sciences, professor and academician of Ukrainian Academy of Agrarian Sciences V. P. Burkat made a significant contribution to the development of agricultural science in Ukraine as an outstanding scientist in the field of animal breeding, organizer of agricultural research work, public figure. His greatest achievement is development of the conceptual aspects of breed formation in cattle-breeding, which was implemented in creation of a few highly specialized cattle breeds. The scientist is co-author of the first created in Ukraine Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy, Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy, Ukrainian Red Dairy, Ukrainian Brown Dairy, Volyn Beef, Polesian Beef, Southern Beef breeds and their structural units (interbreed types, lines and families). The article shows that the scientist substantiated the feasibility of comprehensive genetic monitoring as one of the main conditions in creating new and improving existing breeds of cattle. He developed biotechnological and genetic principles of farm animal breeding. He laid foundation of a new comprehensive science – biotech breeding, identified the main components of its structural status and applied new theoretical approaches to the selection process, taking into account the practical use of biotechnological methods. The scientist first raised ethical, social and legal aspects of introduction of biotechnology in agriculture. V. P. Burkat`s achievement is development of the theory of conservation of the gene pool of farm animals. He initiated development of concept of gene objects creation and placing, defined their purpose in the system of conservation of the farm animal breeding resources. He explained importance of the gene pool banks as the main link of farm animal conservation. The authors have proven that scientific heritage of academician V. P. Burkat didn`t lose its importance and relevance in the current development of animal husbandry. Some parts of it, including the theory of breed creation; methodical bases of management of breed genealogy; theory of consolidation of breed units; bases of breeding, evaluation and sustainable use of sires; genetic, biotechnological and technological bases of selection; methods of conservation and sustainable use of animal gene pool should be used as a theoretical and methodological basis for development of further strategies in cattle breeding. Academician V. P. Burkat is prominent organizer of agricultural research work in animal husbandry of Ukraine. He made significant efforts to obtain status of main methodological and coordination center of agriculture of Ukraine by Ukrainian Academy of Agrarian Sciences. Almost 30 years he devoted to the establishment of branch guidance and coordination center – Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics. One of the most important achievements of scientist was organization of scientific school "Breeding and Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry" at Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics in 1980. His disciples are famous scientists, including academicians of NAAS M. Baschenko, V. Ladyka, Yu. Melnik, corresponding members of the NAAS S. Ruban, S. Kovtun, doctor of agricultural sciences A. Havruk, V. Antonenko, S. Voitenko, A. Dubin, V. Smetanin, V. Dzitsyuk, Yu. Polupan, K. Kopylov and others. The article shows that V. P. Burkat is known public figure who defended the national idea at all levels of exposure, as a co-founder of the historical-biographical series "Ukrainian Agrarian Scientists of the Twentieth Century", initiator of a number of encyclopedic, reference and bibliographic publications, editor of scientific journals, author of fundamental scientific generalizing papers and others.
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