We measured acceptance of carrier testing for cystic fibrosis in the community when offered in a primary care setting, determined variables influencing acceptance, and assessed knowledge of cystic fibrosis 3-6 months later. A total of 5,102 individuals age 18-50 years attending general practices or a family planning clinic in Western Australia completed questionnaires about knowledge of cystic fibrosis and the State Anxiety Inventory. Testing for the delta F508 gene was offered. After 3-6 months, carriers, a sample of consenting participants who were not tested, and a sample of test-negative participants were sent a further questionnaire; 43.5% of participants chose to be tested for cystic fibrosis carrier status. Women, younger people, people with higher education, people without children, and people planning to have children were more likely to be tested. After 3-6 months, carriers gave correct responses to questions about cystic fibrosis more frequently than those who tested negative or were not tested; 82.2% of carriers knew that they were definitely a carrier and 31.1% of test-negative individuals believed they were definitely not carriers. Thus, population carrier screening for cystic fibrosis offered in a community setting in Western Australia was acceptable to almost half of those offered testing, particularly younger people and those planning to have children, for whom knowledge of carrier status could be useful in making reproductive decisions. There was evidence that tested individuals recalled information in a way that minimised their risk of being a carrier.
The aim of the present study was to determine whether mothers reporting more life events experience more preterm births following both complicated and uncomplicated pregnancies. A Life Events Inventory was administered prospectively to women at high risk for poor obstetric and neonatal outcomes who took part in the Pregnancy Home Visiting Program (PHVP), a randomized controlled trial of the effect of a programme of antenatal home visits by midwives on the incidence of preterm birth. This study took place in Western Australia in the years 1984-1987. All women in the study had had a previous poor pregnancy outcome. The women were classified into two groups--those with complicated and those with uncomplicated pregnancies. Pregnancies classified as 'complicated' were defined as a pregnancy in which there was antenatal hospital admission(s) for hypertension, antepartum haemorrhage or other medical reason except for preterm birth. Pregnancies classified as 'uncomplicated' refer to all pregnancies without these complications. No significant association was found between life events and preterm birth although the total stress score for women with uncomplicated pregnancies almost reached significance, as did the number of life events for both women with complicated and women with uncomplicated pregnancies considered together. Life events were not shown to have a predictive relationship to preterm birth even when stratified by etiologically different groups. However, although stress was not an important predictor of preterm birth in this group of women at biological risk it may yet be so in a group at social risk.
High levels of obesity and inactivity are major concerns to public health in the UK. With increasingly busy lifestyles and a lack of leisure time (1) , there is a demand for recommendations regarding the most effective nutritional strategy around exercise for maximal fat oxidation. This study aimed to compare the effects of high intensity interval training (HIIT) with carbohydrate feeding before or after exercise on resting, exercise, and post-exercise substrate utilisation.Ten healthy untrained females (age 18-22 yr; BMI 22[SD 0.73 kg/m 2 ]) performed a VO 2 peak test and were randomly assigned to two treatment groups; CHO Pre (n = 5) and CHO Post (n = 5). Both groups completed two weeks of HIIT (3 day/wk, 8-10 · 60 second cycling bouts at 95 % VO 2 peak separated by 90 seconds recovery at 50 watts) in which carbohydrate (1 g/kg body weight maltodextrin) was consumed either prior to (CHO Pre) or post (CHO Post) exercise. Before and after the training period, substrate utilisation during 20 minutes at rest was determined via indirect calorimetry after an overnight fast (12 hours). One hour post a standardised breakfast (336 Kcal, 59 g CHO), substrate utilisation was measured during and for 2 hours after a 25 minute cycling bout at 50 % VO 2 peak. Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences at the University of Surrey. Whilst not statistically significant, paired samples t-tests showed a trend towards a decrease in respiratory quotient (RQ) (see Figure 1) and increased fat oxidation (g/hr) at rest in CHO Pre (p = 0.090 and 0.088 respectively), but not CHO Post (p ‡ 0.532) (Table 1) was observed. Mean respiratory exchange ratio/RQ and fat oxidation (g/hr) during exercise and over 2 hours post-exercise were unaffected by the timing of carbohydrate (p ‡ 0.197). However there was a trend towards a decrease in RQ at each time point post-exercise (p = 0.056). Table 1. Measured rates of fat oxidation pre and post training for both intervention groups (Mean and SE) Fat oxidation (g/hr)CHO Pre (n = 5) CHO Post (n = 5)
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