The rolling and recrystallization texture development of bcc steels is discussed for three examples belonging to three different types of steels, namely deep drawing steels (e.g. low carbon steel), ferritic stainless steels (e.g. Fe16%Cr) and electrical steels (e.g. Fe3%Si).

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Rolling and recrystallisation textures of Fe–3% Si (HiB) were investigated in center and subsurface layer by the ODF-method. Degree of cold rolling and recrystallisation time were varied. The results were compared with results obtained for low carbon steel and the mechanisms of texture formation were discussed. At the beginning of the paper the different methods of representation of OVF data were demonstrated.

The textures and the mechanical properties of a strip cast, cold rolled and recrystallized ferritic stainless steel with 16% Cr have been investigated and compared to conventionally processed hot band. The strip cast initial material exposed three improvements. First, the textures were weaker and more homogeneous through the sheet thickness. Second, it revealed a higher Lankfort value and third, the complete elimination of the ridging phenomenon.Texturentwicklung von bandgegossenem ferritlschem Edelstahl. Die Texturen und mechanischen Eigenschaften eines bandgegossenen, kaltgewalzten und rekristallisierten Edelstahls mit 16% Cr wurden untersucht und mit denen eines hsrkommllch erzeugten Stahls verglichen. Das bandgegossene Ausgangsmaterial zeigte dabei drei wesentliche Verbesserungen: Erstens waren die Texturen schwacher und homogener uber die Blechdicke. Zweitens zeigte dieses Material hohere R-Werte und drittens keinerlei Zugrilligkeit.

Purpose The aim of this study was to examine whether OASIS, and its extent, can be confirmed or excluded using transperineal ultrasound (TPUS). A further objective of this study was to monitor the healing process over a period of 6 months and to establish a connection between the sonographic appearance of obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASIS) and anal incontinence. Materials and methods In this retrospective clinical study, women with OASIS who gave birth between March 2014 and August 2019 were enrolled. All the patients underwent TPUS 3 days and 6 months after delivery. A GE E8 Voluson ultrasound system with a 3.5–5 MHz ultrasound probe was used. The ultrasound images showed a third-degree injury, with the measurement of the width of the tear and its extent (superficial, partial, complete, EAS and IAS involvement). A positive contraction effect, a sign of sufficient contraction, was documented. Six months after delivery, a sonographic assessment of the healing (healed, scar or still fully present) was performed. A Wexner score was obtained from each patient. The patients’ medical histories, including age, parity, episiotomy and child’s weight, were added. Results Thirty-one of the 55 recruited patients were included in the statistical evaluation. Three patients were excluded from the statistical evaluation because OASIS was excluded on TPUS 3 days after delivery. One patient underwent revision surgery for anal incontinence and an inadequately repaired anal sphincter injury, as shown sonographic assessment, 9 days after delivery. Twenty patients were excluded for other reasons. The results suggest that a tear that appears smaller (in mm) after 3 days implies better healing after 6 months. This effect was statistically significant, with a significance level of alpha = 5% (p = 0.0328). Regarding anal incontinence, women who received an episiotomy had fewer anal incontinence symptoms after 6 months. The effect of episiotomy was statistically significant, with a significance level of alpha = 5% (p = 0.0367). Conclusion TPUS is an accessible, non-invasive method for detecting, quantifying, following-up and monitoring OASIS in patients with third-degree perineal tears. The width, as obtained by sonography, is important with regard to the healing of OASIS. A mediolateral episiotomy seems to prevent anal incontinence after 6 months.

The textures and the mechanical properties of a strip cast, cold rolled and recrystallized ferritic stainless steel with 16% Cr have been investigated and compared to conventionally processed hot band. The strip cast initial material exposed three improvements. First, the textures were weaker and more homogeneous through the sheet thickness. Second, it revealed a higher Lankfort value and third, the complete elimination of the ridging phenomenon.