The development and testing in the field of genetically modified -so called- orphan crops like cassava in tropical countries is still in its infancy, despite the fact that cassava is not only used for food and feed but is also an important industrial crop. As traditional breeding of cassava is difficult (allodiploid, vegetatively propagated, outbreeding species) it is an ideal crop for improvement through genetic modification. We here report on the results of production and field testing of genetically modified low-amylose transformants of commercial cassava variety Adira4 in Indonesia. Twenty four transformants were produced and selected in the Netherlands based on phenotypic and molecular analyses. Nodal cuttings of these plants were sent to Indonesia where they were grown under biosafety conditions. After two screenhouse tests 15 transformants remained for a field trial. The tuberous root yield of 10 transformants was not significantly different from the control. Starch from transformants in which amylose was very low or absent showed all physical and rheological properties as expected from amylose-free cassava starch. The improved functionality of the starch was shown for an adipate acetate starch which was made into a tomato sauce. This is the first account of a field trial with transgenic cassava which shows that by using genetic modification it is possible to obtain low-amylose cassava plants with commercial potential with good root yield and starch quality.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11248-011-9507-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
<p>ABSTRAK<br /><br />Kemiri sunan (Reutealis trisperma (Blanco) Airy Shaw) merupakan salah satu jenis tanaman penghasil minyak nabati yang memiliki potensi besar sebagai sumber bahan baku untuk biodiesel. Tingkat produktivitas yang dapat mencapai 8-9 ton minyak kasar atau setara dengan 6-8 ton biodiesel/ha/tahun memiliki nilai strategis terkait dengan program pemerintah dalam mencari alternatif sumber energi baru yang terbarukan. Pengembangan sumber energi terbarukan seperti yang berasal dari minyak nabati kemiri sunan merupakan salah satu alternatif dalam upaya memenuhi defisit energi untuk keperluan domestik sehingga Indonesia dapat keluar dari himpitan krisis energi. Lahan-lahan yang telah terdegradasi di Indonesia dari tahun ke tahun luasnya semakin bertambah baik karena faktor alam maupun karena eksploitasi yang tidak terkendali. Disisi lain pengembangan tanaman sumber BBN terkendala karena keterbatasan lahan. Kajian yang telah dilakukan secara intensif terhadap karakteristik tanaman, minyak dan biodiesel yang dihasilkannya, serta daya adaptasinya yang sangat luas terhadap beragam agroekosistem yang ada di Indonesia, tanaman kemiri sunan memberikan harapan yang baik disamping sebagai sumber bahan baku biodiesel, juga dapat berfungsi sebagai tanaman konservasi untuk mereklamasi lahan-lahan marginal yang telah terdegradasi. Disamping itu, pengembangan tanaman kemiri sunan di lahan yang telah terdegradasi tidak hanya akan dapat meningkatkan nilai ekonomi lahan tersebut, tetapi juga dapat dijadikan tanaman yang bernilai ekonomi tinggi, serta mampu menyediakan kebutuhan energi bagi masyarakat sekitar maupun ke wilayah yang lebih luas. <br />Kata kunci: Kemiri sunan, biodiesel, energi baru terbarukan, lahan terdegradasi, lahan bekas tambang.<br /><br />ABSTRACT</p><p>The Multiple Benefits of Developing Kemiri Sunan (Reutealis trisperma (Blanco) Airy Shaw) In Degraded Land<br /><br />Kemiri sunan (Reutealis trisperma (Blanco) Airy Shaw) is one kind of vegetable oil crops that have great potential as a source of raw material for biodiesel. The productivity level that can reach 8-9 tons of crude oil, equivalent to 6-8 tons of biodiesel/ha/year make as a strategic commodity associated with government programs to find alternative sources of renewable energy. Development of renewable energy such as from vegetable oils of kemiri sunan is one of the alternatives in an effort to solve the deficit of energy for domestic use so that Indonesia can way out of the crush of the energy crisis. Lands that have been degraded in Indonesia continuously increasing both cause of the extent of natural factors and uncontrolled exploitation. On the other hand the development of this plants retricted by aviability of land. The research88 Volume 14 Nomor 2, Des 2015 : 87 - 101 studies have been conducted on the characteristics of plants, oil and biodiesel production, and adaptability in very broadly of Indonesian agro-ecosystem, this plant show well hopes besides as a source of raw material for biodiesel, it can also function as a conservation plant to reclaim marginal lands that have been degraded. In addition, the development of kemiri sunan on degraded land will not only be able to increase the economic value of the land, but also can be used as crops of high economic value, and able to provide for the energy needs of the surrounding communities and to the wider region.<br />Keywords: Reutealis trisperma (Blanco) Airy Shaw, biodiesel, renewable energy, degraded land, post mained land.</p>
National cocoa production has been decreasing, which was in 2017 down to 600,000 tons/year, only a third quarter of national need. The decline is due to a decrease in national cocoa production caused by lower productivity in smallholder cocoa. In 2003, the productivity was 1,100 kg/ha/year and in 2017 was only 820 kg/ha/year. The low productivity is caused by pod rot disease, pod borer, and vascular streak dieback (VSD). Not only that, soil degradation was also found to be a contributing factor. Compost or manure have been used as ameliorants, but they should be in high volume and have a short-term effect (3-4 months), easily decomposed, and produce CO2 that damages the ozone layers. A more suitable solution is using biochar which is more resistant to decomposition (hundreds of years), can hold CO2, water, and nutrients from being washed away by erosion. In addition, biochar does not require Cocoa farming generate organic waste that can be processed into biochar, such as cocoa pods, cocoa or shade trees from pruning. The biomass produced can reach up to 8-18 tons/year and is adequate to improve the soil fertility in cocoa plantations.
Infection of tomato by Begomovirus is known to cause serious disease and yield losses. Samples of tomato plants showing typical symptoms of begomovirus infection were collected from eight locations in Java and Sumatra. Amplification of a putative AV1 gene was performed using AV1 specific primers for Geminivirus, total nucleic acid isolated from tomato samples exhibiting leaf curl disease as the template, and the PCR technique. Direct sequencing of PCR product was carried out, followed by nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequence analysis using the BLAST program. Positive results were obtained, the PCR amplification proved that diseased tomato samples collected from eight locations in Java and Sumatra were infected with Begomovirus. When nucleic acid and amino acid sequences of the eight isolates were compared to other begomovirus's sequences present in the GenBank it was found that the isolates determined in this research were Indonesian isolates of AYVV. Further phylogenetic analysis of eight Begomovirus isolates identified in this study indicated they belonged into two different clades. Results of this research also suggest that the existence of Begomovirus genetic diversity in various regions in Indonesia needs further investigation. Moreover, the prevalence of distinct Begomovirus species or isolates also need investigation.
<p>ABSTRACT</p><p>Begomoviruses infection has been reported and found in several important vegetable crops included tomato. Nevertheless, the information of detection and identification of Begomovirus infecting tomato plants in some of tomato production areas using PCR technique has not been widely reported. The objective of this research was to detect Begomovirus infecting tomatoes in some of tomato production areas of East Java, Central Java, Special Province of Jogjakarta and West Java using PCR technique with degenerate and specific primers. PCR amplification of Begomovirus genome was conducted by using a pair of degenerate primers, i.e. PAL1v1978-F and PAR1c715-R and specific primer, AV1-F/R. For confirmation the virus, it was conducted a virus transmission from the symptomed plant tomato sampel to healthy plants by using whiteflies vector. The results of this research showed that the symptomed plants collected from several tomato production areas of East Java, Central Java, Special Province of Jogjakarta and West Java indicated that those plants have been infected by Begomovirus following PCR detection using a pair of degenerate primers. The Begomovirus infection was indicated by the PCR amplified product with the size of 1500 bp. The results of PCR amplification using specific primers AV1-F/R to detect the genus of Begomovirus showed that all samples of plant collections generated of 780 bp DNA fragment. Confirmation of the virus through transmission by whitefiles vectors in greenhouse from the symptomed plants and the positive PCR samples showed that the virus transmission process was succesfully conducted with indication of the emergence of symptoms in healthy plants.</p><p>Keywords: tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) , Begomovirus, PCR technique, degenerate primer</p><p>ABSTRAK</p><p>Hasil penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa Infeksi virus begomovirus di beberapa tanaman sayuran termasuk tanaman tomat. Namun demikian, penelitian yang memberikan informasi mengenai deteksi dan infeksi dari virus begomovirus yang menginfeksi tanaman tomat dengan menggunakan teknik PCR masih perlu diteliti lebih lanjut. Tujuan dari penelitian adalah untuk mendeteksi begomovirus yang menginfeksi tanaman tomat di beberapa daerah produksi tomat dari Jawa Timur, Jawa Tengah, Yogyakarta, dan Jawa Barat menggunakan teknik PCR dengan primer degenerate dan spesifik. Amplifikasi PCR genom begomovirus dilakukan dengan menggunakan sepasang degenerate primer yaitu PAL1v1978-F dan PAR1c715-R, serta primer spesifik adalah AV1-F/R. Konfirmasi virus dilakukan dengan teknik penularan virus oleh vektor kutu kebul ke tanaman sehat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sampel-sampel tanaman tomat bergejala yang dikoleksi dari beberapa daerah di Jawa Timur, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Barat dan D. I . Jogjakarta mengindikasikan adanya infeksi oleh Begomovirus setelah dideteksi menggunakan teknik PCR dengan primer degenerate. Hasil amplifikasi PCR menggunakan primer spesifik AV1-F/R untuk mendeteksi genus Begomovirus menunjukkan bahwa semua sampel tanaman koleksi menghasilkan amplikon yang berukuran 780 bp. Konfirmasi virus melalui penularan dengan vektor kutu kebul di rumah kaca dari sampel tanaman sakit dan positif PCR menunjukkan terjadinya proses penularan virus yang ditandaidengan munculnya gejala-gejala pada tanaman yang sehat.</p><p>Kata kunci: Begomovirus, Lycopersicon esculentum, Primer degenerate, Tehnik PCR.</p>
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