The geometric mean of Hcy concentration in the blood plasma, vitreous and aqueous of the PDR group was significantly higher than control. The Hcy levels in the blood plasma and vitreous were also significantly associated in both groups. However, the blood plasma and aqueous were significantly associated only in the PDR group.

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Waqf land is a religious property that is provided as a charity act by a donor and placed under the jurisdiction of the State Islamic Religious Councils (SIRCs). The SIRCs are the sole trustees in charge of governing, managing, and developing these properties. SIRCs have been working to develop waqf lands through a variety of projects and ways that adhere to best practices and a sound management system. However, the waqf's potential for greater outcomes is yet to be optimised. This research has reviewed the literature of waqf land development approaches and practices in Malaysia and it has tabled the significant development approaches that can be implemented by the SIRC. These approaches and practices may overcome the issues and challenges faced by the SIRCs in developing waqf land.

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