In January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak of a new coronavirus disease, COVID-19, to be a public health emergency of international concern. Currently, in several countries globally, this pandemic continues to enforce the temporary closure of all nonessential shops and services aside from supermarkets and pharmacies. Workers in countries that are at a high risk of infection have been asked to work from home, as cities have been placed under lockdown. Even curfews to combat the spread of the virus have been imposed in several countries, with all this signaling an unprecedented disruption of commerce. Companies are facing various challenges regarding health and safety, supply chain, labor force, cash flow, consumer demand and marketing. People in the thousands are dying every day from the virus’s symptoms, while a public health issue has forced the world to come to a halt and rethink what a sustainable future for our planet and existence is. These drastic recent events have raised the deliberation by the authors to redefine the concept of sustainability.
Communications in the electrical characteristic as a lowering of the onset for current injection in the double-layer device, as shown in Figure 3. This reduced barrier height also has important implications as regards device efficiency. Hole injection is enhanced in the double-layer LED due to the lower barrier height, which concomitantly perturbs the balance of double-charge injection. As noted in the caption of Figure 3, this is consistent with the observed substantial decrease in the efficiency of the double-layer device.In conclusion, in this work we elucidated the source of electroluminescence from a single-layer blue organic LED based on the carbazole dimer (Cz-eth~l)~. Confined intradimer luminescence excitations and a balanced doublecharge injection resulted in a device with good luminance and modest external quantum efficiencies that will potentially have an impact on applications where blue LEDs are required. Received[l] a) For our plasma-beam-deposited films we use the short and illustrative term amorphous diamond, a-D, instead of tetrahedral amorphous carbon, ta-C, referring to only one possible structure of amorphous carbon with a high sp3-fraction. This type of coating has been produced with mass-selected ion beams, filtered cathodic vacuum arc, and by the laser ablation of graphite. DL.C is a common term for coatings Adv Mater 1997, 9, No. 15
We have used differential scanning calorimetry to measure the heat capacity of diamond-like carbon (DLC) film prepared by a plasma immersion ion processing method. The same calorimeter was used to measure the heat capacity of single crystal natural diamond and of high purity graphite. The amount of atomic hydrogen trapped in the DLC films was determined by elastic-recoil-detection spectrometry. The present data and literature values were used to deduce an expression for the specific heat that factors out the contribution from the sp3/sp2 bonding and from the atomic hydrogen trapped in the carbon. The data shows that the hydrogen contribution to the specific heat of carbon is independent of the sp3/sp2 bonding and amounts to about 0.63kB per hydrogen atom. We propose a simple method to determine the sp3/sp2 bonding ratio in hydrogenated DLC films based on measuring the specific heat and the hydrogen content of the sample.
Pulsed glow discharge plasma from a 1 Pa gas mixture of acetylene (C2H2) and hexafluoroethane (C2F6) was used to produce fluorinated diamond-like carbon (F-DLC) films on glass and polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) substrate. The composition of the F-DLC coatings was measured by using Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy and elastic recoil detection analysis techniques. The transmittance, absorption coefficient, and optical band gap of 100 nm thick F-DLC coatings was measured by using an ultraviolet/visible spectrometer. The friction and wear properties were measured with a conventional pin-on-disk device. In addition, contact angle measurements were taken in order to determine the nonwetting properties of the coatings. The results showed an increase in nonwetting properties, transmittance, and optical band gap with increasing fluorine content in the coatings. The increased fluorine contents suppressed the incorporation of hydrogen and increased the optical band gap energy, which is quite different from the general DLC films whose optical properties are highly improved with increasing amount of hydrogen incorporated in the films. Furthermore, the F-DLC coatings on PMMA and glass substrates proved to have low friction and wear and similar nonwetting properties such as Teflon®.
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