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The duration of the egg stage was significantly influenced by temperature. The threshold of egg development occurred at 11°. Preservation of eggs at 8°–9° for 2 days reduced hatchability from 98% to 48% and after 6 days no hatching occurred. Desiccation of eggs at 30% R.H. for 6 hr reduced hatchability from 98% to 12% and after 12 hr of desiccation no hatching occurred. Duration of the larval stage was affected by temperature. The zero point of larval development occurred at 5°. The highest percentage of pupation was at 27°, and at 35° most of the larvae failed to jump from the medium. Humidity had no effect on pupal duration within the same temperature. Pupal duration was, however, influenced by temperatures between 22° and 30°; with 35° being fatal. At 60% R.H., the threshold of pupal development occurred at 13°. The highest percentage of emergence was observed at 25° and 60% R.H. Males lived for an average of 36 and 25 days at 25° and 30° respectively, while the female longevity was 31 and 25.5 days for the same temperatures. Females produced more eggs at 25° (826 eggs/female) than at 30° (459 eggs/female). Females reared without males lived longer (67 days) and laid fewer eggs (248 eggs/female). ZUSAMMENFASSUNG UNTERSUCHUNGEN ÜBER DIE BIOLOGIE DER MITTELMEERFRUCHTFLIEGE, CERATITIS CAPITATA Bei der Mittelmeerfruchtfliege wird die Dauer der Eientwicklung durch die Temperatur wesentlich beeinflusst (Entwicklungsnullpunkt 11°). Die Lagerung der Eier bei 8°–9° verminderte die Schlüpfrate nach 2 Tagen von 98% auf 48% und auf 0% nach 6 Tagen. Die Trocknung der Eier bei 30% R.F. reduzierte die Schlüpfrate nach 6 Stunden von 98% auf 12% und nach 12 Stunden auf 0%. Die Larvenentwicklung war ebenfalls von der Temperatur abhängig (Entwicklungsnullpunkt 5°). Bei 27° war die Verpuppungsrate am höchsten, und bei 35° vermochten die meisten Tiere nicht mehr aus dem Nährmedium zu springen. Die Dauer der Puppenentwicklung wurde von der Feuchtigkeit nicht beeinflusst, wohl aber von Temperaturen zwischen 22° und 30° (Entwicklungsnullpunkt 13°, totale Mortalität bei 35°, Optimum bei 25° und 60% R.F.). Männchen lebten im Durchschnitt 36 und 25 Tage, Weibchen 31 und 25 Tage bei einer Temperatur von 25° resp. 30°. Die Eiproduktion eines Weibchens war bei 25° höher als bei 30° (826 resp. 459 Eier). Weibchen, welche getrennt von Männchen gehalten wurden, lebten länger (67 Tage) und produzierten weniger Eier (248 Eier).

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Background: Congenital vertical talus (CVT) is a rare congenital foot disorder. Approximately half of the affected children have associated neuromuscular syndromes which may further complicate the treatment. The traditional treatment involved extensive soft tissue and bony reconstructions. The minimally invasive method (Dobbs method/reverse Ponseti) has changed the treatment of CVT. There is significant variation of the reported outcome of this method in the current literature. In this study we report the outcome of this minimally invasive technique for treatment of CVT and compare the results of treatment in syndromic and idiopathic patients. Methods: Idiopathic and syndromic patients treated from CVT with minimally invasive method from 2006 till 2016 were included in this retrospective study. We reviewed the patients’ notes, radiographs and collected parents reported outcome questionnaire (Roye score) in addition to clinical examination to comprehensively report the treatment outcome. Results: A total of 21 patients 30 feet were included in this study. The average age of commencing treatment was 6 months (1 to 17 mo). The mean follow-up was 6.5 years (1 to 11 y). Correction of the deformities and abnormal angles were achieved in all feet. Five of the 17 syndromic feet had recurrence while no recurrence was reported in any if the 13 idiopathic feet. At the time of the index procedure no supplementary procedures were required. The average arc of motion for foot ankle dorsiflexion and plantar flexion was 30 degrees. Patients with idiopathic CVT had a mean the Roye score of 11 while syndromic patients had a mean score of 22. Conclusion: The minimally invasive method is a valuable option for treatment of CVT. Idiopathic patients had no recurrence and better functional scores compared syndromic patients. There was no requirement for supplementary procedures such as tibialis anterior transfer or anterolateral release at the time of the initial surgery. Level of Evidence: Level IV—case series.